Fluorogenic Substrates

Fluorogenic substrate for beta-galactosidase

3-(4,4-Difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionamido)propyl b -D -lactoside (FDPBP) is a substrate for alkaline phosphatase. It reacts with the enzyme to produce a blue color. FDPBP is used in diagnostic applications such as food testing and bioluminescence.

Sensitive fluorogenic substrate for fluorometric and UV-spectrophotometric assays of phosphatases. This may also be used for in-gel assays

Fluorogenic substrate for proglutamyl peptidase 1 yielding a blue fluorescent solution upon cleavage. Used in identification of Enterococcus spp. and group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes).

A fluorogenic MOSCERDAM® substrate targeting cellulases

Resorufin pentyl ether is a drug transporter that can be used as an experimental model for studying the effects of chemical pesticides on humans. Resorufin pentyl ether inhibits energy metabolism and inhibits hepatic p450 activity and polymerase chain reaction in hepatocyte-like cells in vitro. It has been shown to inhibit the enzyme activities of rat liver p450s and human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) at physiological levels. Resorufin pentyl ether has also been shown to be toxic in mice, with toxicity studies showing an LD50 of 4.5 mg/kg after oral administration. This drug is not active against bacteria or fungi, but it is able to inhibit protein synthesis in model systems containing mouse monoclonal antibodies or calf thymus DNA.

6-Chloro-7-hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin is a fungicide that inhibits the growth of fungi by interfering with their DNA synthesis. It does this by inhibiting the activity of two enzymes: the fungal enzyme oxime and the enzyme cinerea, which is found in many fungi. 6-Chloro-7-hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin has been shown to be effective against Alternaria and Botrytis cinerea. The compound also has an antifungal effect against other types of fungi, such as Penicillium roqueforti, when used in combination with a solvent such as ether.

6-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)umbelliferyl b-D-cellotrioside is a fluorogenic substrate for cellulases and beta-glucosidases. After hydrolisis, the fluorophore TFMU is released generating a blue fluorescence.

4-Methylumbelliferyl 4-O-(alpha-L-fucopyranosyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate for alpha-L-fucosidase. After enzymatic cleaveage, free 4-methylumbelliferone (also known as hymecromone) is released, exhibiting blue fluorescence upon excitation with UV light. The strongest fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferone requires deprotonation of the hydroxyl group (thus requires alkaline pH), with a maximal fluorescence intensity obtained with excitation at 350 to 370 nm and emission at 440 to 470 nm. The use of 4-methylumbelliferyl 4-O-(alpha-L-fucopyranosyl)-beta-D-galactopyranosideas a substrate for measuring the alpha-L-fucosidase activity is used for fucosidosis diagnosis and in screening studies of glycoprotein metabolism disorders.

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3-HTC reacts reversibly with thiols and disulfides, and can be used to measure dynamic GSH/GSSH ratios in vitro as well as to monitor the reversible redox status of whole cell lysates.(λmax: 448 nm in its reduced thiolate form, and a λmax 370-410 nm for the oxidized mixed disulfide).

Fluorogenic substrate targeting esterase and lipase

4MU-alpha-L-idopyranosiduronic acid is a fluorogenic substrate for alpha-L-iduronidase. Active alpha-L-iduronidase cleaves the MU moiety from the synthetic substrate, which results in release of a fluorescent signal (Ex 360 nm / Em 455 nm). The reaction is stopped by the addition of sodium carbonate. 4MU-alpha-L-idopyranosiduronic acid is used in alpha-L-iduronidase assays in the context of biochemical characterisation of samples from patients affected by lysosomal storage disease mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I).

The 4-Methylumbelliferyl b-D-ribofuranoside is a top-notch fluorogenic substrate for glycosidase activity detection. Upon hydrolysis by enzymes, it generates a strongly fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone molecule, enabling rapid assay results and real-time monitoring of enzymatic reactions. This product is suitable for many biological research applications, such as in vitro analysis, diagnostic testing, and drug discovery. With its high sensitivity and specificity, it delivers consistent and accurate results, making it an essential tool for scientists and researchers.

5-Fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer I (5FITC) is a fluorescent probe that has been used to study enzyme activities in human serum. 5FITC binds to the active site of many enzymes, including dopamine β-hydroxylase, and can be detected by measuring the fluorescence intensity. The optimum concentration for this enzyme form is 10 nM for dopamine β-hydroxylase and 20 nM for brain functions. Mouse monoclonal antibodies against 5FITC have also been developed to detect the presence of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on macrophages in vivo. 5FITC has also been used as a fluorescence probe for human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and erythrocytes in blood samples. Colloidal gold conjugates with 5FITC have been developed to measure the disulfide bonds in proteins such as human serum albumin.

A fluorogenic MOSCERDAM® substrate targeting alpha-arabinofuranosidase

Living cells of Escherichia coli can be reliably detected with media that contain a chromogenic or fluorogenic substrate for beta-glucuronidase (also termed β-D-glucuronidase), an enzyme that occurs almost exclusively in E. coli. RUG®, Resorufin-beta-D-glucuronic acid methyl ester is a highly sensitive chromogenic and fluorogenic indicator for E. coli. After removal of the methyl ester group by unspecific hydrolysis, orange colored product is cleaved by beta-glucuronidase in liquid media or on agar plates and yields an intense pink color. Red fluorescence is obtained upon excitation at 560-570 nm.

6,8-Difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl 2-acetamido-3-O-(b-D-galactopyranosyl)-a-D-galactopyranoside is a chemiluminescent substrate that reacts with oxygen in the presence of luciferase to produce light. This product is an excellent replacement for luminol, especially in applications where aqueous solvents are not suitable. 6,8-Difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl 2-acetamido-3-O-(b-D-galactopyranosyl)-a-D-galactopyranoside has been extensively tested and shown to be nonhazardous in a variety of different culture media. It is also nonhazardous to the environment, as it can be easily degraded by microorganisms.

This Clips-O substrate 7-((4'-L-Alaninamido)-rac-3'-hydroxybutyloxy) coumarin allows the detection of single and dual enzymatic activity (L-alanine aminopetidase and oxidation of 4-amino-3-hydroxybutyloxy spacer either enzymatically or by exposure to sodium periodate) with a single substrate resulting in a fluorescent signal. The main virtues of Clips-O substrates are an increased stability towards non-enzymatic hydrolysis that results in a reduced background and high sensitivity.

Acetyl-L-alanine 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin is a fluorogenic substrate for aminopeptidase. The enzyme cleaves the N-terminal amino acids, yielding a blue fluorescent solution.