Human Milk Oligosaccharides

Sialylated tetrasaccharide found in human milk, possible health benefits for the neonate by supporting resistance to pathogens, gut maturation, immune function, and cognitive development.

2'-O-Fucosyllactulose is a modified carbohydrate that has been synthesized from a natural source. It is an oligosaccharide that contains the monosaccharide, fucose. This product can be used in the synthesis of polysaccharides and glycosylation reactions. 2'-O-Fucosyllactulose has been methylated, fluorinated, and glycosylated, which makes it suitable for use as a sugar in biotechnology applications.

Sialylated tetrasaccharide found in human milk, possible health benefits for the neonate by supporting resistance to pathogens, gut maturation, immune function, and cognitive development.

Component of human milk; antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens

Found in milk with immunoprotective effects against pathogens in newborns and aids development and maturation of the immune system and gut microbiota. Suppresses adhesion and infectivity of bacteria and viruses, such as influenza viruses, HIV-1 and rotaviruses. Inhibits binding of cholera toxin.

Mainly a mixture of Lacto-N-tetraose, Lacto-N-neo-tetraose, Lactodifucotetraose

Neutral hexasasaccharide naturally present in human breast milk

Component of glycoproteins and glycolipids expressed in antigens and receptors of proteins, bacteria and viruses. Found in the free form in human biofluids, including urine and milk - preventing adhesion of bacteria to urinary epithelium and inhibiting enteric pathogens respectively. An efficient inhibitor of neutrophil-activating protein of H.pylori (HPNAP)-mediated neutrophil activation.

Monofucosyl (1-3)-iso-lacto-N-octaose is an HMO oligosaccharide.

Sialylated tetrasaccharide found in human milk. Possible health benefits for the neonate, by supporting resistance to pathogens, gut maturation, immune function, and cognitive development.

Trifucosyl-p-lacto-N-hexaose is a complex carbohydrate that has been modified by methylation and glycosylation. It is a synthesized sugar that may be used as a pharmaceutical agent or as an additive in food products. Trifucosyl-p-lacto-N-hexaose has been modified using Click chemistry and fluorination, which have been shown to increase the purity of this compound. This product has a high degree of purity, as it is synthesized from pure materials.

Monofucosyllacto-N-neohexaose I is a synthetic oligosaccharide and found in human milk

Core human milk oligosaccharide

Sialylated tetrasaccharide found in human milk.Possible health benefits for the neonate, by supporting resistance to pathogens, gut maturation, immune function, and cognitive development.

Human milk oligosaccharide; binds cholera toxin TcdA

Neutral hexasasaccharide naturally present in human breast milk

Neutral tetrasaccharide naturally present in human breast milk

2’-Fucosyl lactose (2′-FL) is the most abundant human milk oligosaccharide with multiple functions including: acting as a prebiotic, protecting against infections and inflammation, modulating the immune system, supporting brain development, and reducing the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. The commercial availability of synthetic 2′-FL is important because human milk oligosaccharides were previously only found at significant levels in human milk, however they are now available in a number of infant formulas. 2’-Fucosyl lactose has been given Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status and the European Union has approved the use of 2’-Fucosyl lactose in infant formula products (Reverri, 2018).

Sialylfucosyllacto-N-tetraose is a human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) and is present in lower concentrations than 2′-fucosyllactose. Sialylfucosyllacto-N-tetraose contains both nitrogen and sialic acid in its chemical structure. It has been demostrated that sialylfucosyllacto-N-tetraose in the HMO pool acts as a prebiotic, protects against infections and inflammation, modulates the immune system, supports brain development, and reduces the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (Wiciński, 2020).