Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Stability Light Sensitive Applications A PAH metabolite having a toxic effect on fish bone metabolite. Also, it is used as a marker of the carcinogenic potency of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) mixture. A genotoxic agent. References Ebright, R., et al.: Cancer Res., 46, 2349 (1986), Morito, K., et al.: Biol. Pharm. Bull., 24, 351 (2001), Billiard, S., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 92, 526 (2006),

Applications 9-Fluorenone is a polycyclic aromatic ketone that has photosensitizing properties and also has the ability to undergo electrochemical polymerization. 9-Fluorenone is used in industry as an initiator in visible-light cured resin systems. 9-Fluorenone has potentially toxic effects on humans, as exposure can cause DNA mutations. References Cihaner, A., et al.: J. Elec. Chem., 568, 151 (2004); Li, Y., et al.: J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B-A, 84, 58 (2008); Okamoto, H., et al.: Org. Lett., 13, 2758 (2011)

Applications Benzopyrene is a polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) found in coal tar. Benzopyrene is a known carcinogen. The metabolism of Benzopyrene results in diol epoxides that react and bind to DNA forming adducts which in turns leads to mutations and eventually cancer.This compound is a contaminant of emerging concern (CECs) Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Arif, J. et al.: DNA Adducts, 127 (2010); Nair, S. et al.: Cancer Prev. Res., 2, 895 (2009); Staal, Y. et al.: Carcinogenesis, 27, 646 (2006); Mensing, T. et al.: Int. Hyg. Env. Health, 208, 197 (2005);

Applications A potent local anesthetic that is active even in acidic conditions. It is used (usually in combination with an antacid) for the relief of pain associated with peptic ulcer disease or esophagitis. References Detrain, M. et al.: Acta. Gastro-Enterol. Belg., 28, 360 (1965); Barbezat, G.O. et al.: Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 13, 321 (1978); Masuda, Y. et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 64, 677 (2002);

Applications 5,6-Dichloroacenaphthene is a chlorinated derivative of acenaphthene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that has potential to act as polyploidizing agents in plants. 5,6-Dichloroacenaphthene is also used as a reagent to synthesize Corannulene, a bowl-shaped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. References Campbell, K., et al.: J. Org. Chem., 16, 1712 (1951); Lafleur, A., et al.: H. Phys. Chem., 97, 13539 (1993); Reisen, F. & Arey J.: Env. Sci. Tech., 36, 4302 (2002); Seiders, T., et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121, 7804 (1999)

Applications 2-Fluoronapthelene is a naphthalene which shows inhibition towards cytochrom P450 2A6 and 2A5. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Roy, K. et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 44, 1941 (2009); Korhonen, L. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 48, 3808 (2005);

Applications Triphenylene (D12, 98%) (cas# 17777-56-9) is a useful research chemical.

Applications 1-Methylphenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that has been found in particulate matter from small-scale biomass combustion from old and modern technologies and that has caused acute systemic and lung inflammation in mice after intratracheal aspiration. References Uski, O.J., et. al.: Inhal. Toxicol., 24, 952 (2012)

Applications A mutagenic aromatic nitro compound. References Kier, L., et al.: Pharmacol. Res., 7, 801 (1990), Benigni, R., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 38, 629 (1995), Benigni, R., et al.: Mutat. Res., 371, 29 (1996),

Applications A metabolite of Benzopyrene (BaP), a carcinogenic component of tobacco smoke implicated in lung cancer. References DiBiasio, K., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos.,19, 227 (1991), Beach, J., et al.: J. Anal. Toxicol., 24, 670 (2000), Borman, S., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 167, 191 (2000), Tsai-Turton, M., et al.: Biol. Reprod., 77, 442 (2007),

Applications Dibenzothiophene is commonly used in microbial studies as a sole, organic sulfur and carbon source for growth. Research concerning the biodegradation of dibenzothiophene by different types of bacteria is a currently being carried out, as these bacteria have the ability to breakdown other harmful polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAH) as well. This may prove to be a very practical method in removing PAH’s from soils, sludge and crude oils. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Bastiaens, L., et al.: Appl. Environ. Microb., 66, 1834 (2000); Gunam, I., et al.: J. Microbiol. Biotechn., 23, 473 (2013); Omori, T., et al.: Appl. Environ. Microb., 58, 911 (1992)

Applications 1-Methylchrysene is one of the methylated chrysenes (MeChry), as an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist. Methylated chrysenes (MeChry) are important cigarette smoke constituents and 5-MeChry has been listed as possibly carcinogenic to humans. 1-Methylchrysene is a possible carcinogenic agent. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Amin, S., et al.: Cancer Res., 45, 6406 (1985), Blaha, L., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 65, 43 (2002), Brack, W., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 3062 (2003), Andrysik, Z., et al.: Mutat. Res., 615, 87 (2007),

Applications Metabolite of 3,4-Benzopyrene. Carcinogenic. References Peacock, P. R. et al.; Brit. J. Cancer 6, 407 (1952); Cook, J. W. et al.; Brit. J. Cancer 6, 400 (1952)

Applications 1,2-Dichloronaphthalene is an organic pollutant found in wastewater. References Ryu, J., et. al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 2394 (2013)

Applications Benzo[k]fluoranthene is used as an optical sensor for nitro-aromatic compounds due to fluorescence quenching of the molecule. It is also a carcinogen and mutagen. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Patra, D. et al.: Sens. Actua. B. Chem., 80, 278 (2001); Wei-Dong, W. et al.: J. Chrom. A., 1173, 27 (2007);

Applications 1-Methyldibenzothiophene, is an alkyldibenzothiophene present in crude oil. Research concerning the biodegradation of Dibenzothiophene by different types of bacteria is a currently being carried out, as these bacteria have the ability to breakdown other harmful PAH’s as well. This may be used in removing spilled oil from marine and terrestrial environments. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Boberg, F., et al.: Erdoel & Kohle, Erdgas, Petrochemie, 47, 187 (1994); Tanaka, Y., et al.: Applied Microbiology and Biotech., 59 (2), 325 (2002); Prince, R., Spill Sci. Tech. Bulletin, 8 (2), 145 (2003);

Stability Hygroscopic Applications 5-Acenaphthenamine is an impurity of Acenaphthene (D448330), which is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon as carcinogenic agent. References Hansen, B., et al.: Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18, 772 (1999); Czub, G., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 2406 (2004)

Applications (Z)-Tetrachlorvinphos is used in sensitive immunoassay for detection of organophosphorus pesticides. Also, used in exposure characterization of varied major insecticides including neonicotinoids, organophosphates and pyrethroids in urine of young children. Useful in cannabis testing kits as a component of pesticide mixes (P698240). Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Zhao, F., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 408, 6423 (2016); Osaka, A., et al.: Environ. Res., 147, 89 (2016)

Applications 3-Fluoranthenol is a monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolite toxin. References Gaudreau, E., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 408, 4021 (2016);

Applications 7-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene is a metabolite of Benzopyrene (BaP), a carcinogenic component of tobacco smoke implicated in lung cancer. References Li, F.,et al.: Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 32, 373 (2011); Hayakawa, K., et al.: Polycyclic. Aromatic. Compound., 28, 382 (2008); Webb, L., et al.: Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 21, 224 (2006);

Applications 3,11-Dimethylchrysene is a derivative of Chrysene (C428000), both being part of a group of polycyclic aromatic compounds suspected to have tumour-initiating effects on humans. References Schuetzle, D. & Daisey, J.: Genetic Toxicology of Complex Mixtures, No vol. given, 11 (1990); Shaw, G., et al.: Rev. Environ. Contam. T., No vol. given, 1 (1994)

Applications The metabolite in soil and sugar beets of Chloridazon. References Smith, D.T., et al.: Weed Sci., 18, 260 (1970),

Applications Dibenzo[e,l]pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). It is an isomer of Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (D416945) which is confirmed to be highly carcinogenic. Dibenzo[e,l]pyrene is also used as a standard in determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s). References Wei, S., et al.: J. Environ. Monitor., 13, 2568 (2011); Anderson, L., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 199, 85 (2004), Yu, Z., et al.: Cancer Res., 66, 755 (2006), Shen, J., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 95, 313 (2007); Schubert, P., et al.: Analyt. Chem.m 75, 234 (2003)

Applications Labelled analogue of Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with potent carcinogenic activity. Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene was shown to induce DNA adduction, tumorigenicity as well as Ki-ras oncogene mutations in strain A/J mouse lung. Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene has been shown to be present in cigarette smoke condensate and in automobile exhaust gas in small quantities. References Prahalad, A.K. et al.: Carcinogenesis, 18, 1955 (1997); Wynder, E.L. et al.: Nature, 192, 1092 (1961); Homburger, F. et al.: J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 44, 357 (1970);

Applications Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as carcinogenic agents. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Hansen, B., et al.: Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18, 772 (1999), Czub, G., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 2406 (2004),

Applications 2,7-Naphthalenediol is a reagent used in the preparation of monomers of high carbon materials. Also used in the synthesis of splitomicin analogues. References Neenan, T. et al.: J. Org. Chem., 53, 2489 (1988); Posakony, J. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 47, 2635 (2004);

Applications 3-Nitro-1-pyrenol is an nitroarene which may contribute to genotoxicity associated with air pollution. References Kameda, T., et al.: J. Health. Sci., 57, 372 (2011); Van, B., et al.: Chem. Biol. interact., 117, 15 (1999);

Applications 4-Bromopyrene is an intermediate in the synthesis of Acepyrene (A130950), a novel constituent discovered that belongs to the pyrene class of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. References Pratap, R., et al.: J. Heterocycles. Chem., 18, 973 (1981);

Applications 9-Methylbenzo[g]chrysene is an metabolite of Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (D416945), an well known polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons found in hot mix asphalt paving workers and the most potent tumorigen that has been identified to date. References Xu, D.W., et al.: Org. Lett., 10, 1059 (2008);

Applications 1,7-Dimethylfluorene is a product of the selenium dehydrogenation of gibberic acid. 1,7-Dimethylfluorene is also one of the many polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) that are found within lake sediments, negatively impacting zoo plankton changes in the water, as well as the ecosystems that reside there. References Dimond, A.: Prog. Ch. Org. Nat. Prod., 17, 298 (1959); Kurek, J., et al.: P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 1761 (2013); Mulholland, T. & Ward, G.: J. Chem. Soc., No vol. no. given, 4676 (1954);

Applications 1,4-Dihydroxynaphthalene is frequently used in organic synthesis as a reagent. In particular, it is used in the synthesis of a pH independent and cell permeant fluorescent dye, a hydroxyl regioisomeric 3',4'-benzorhodol, which can be used as a fluorescent chemosensor and biomarker for biological applications. References Jiao, X., et al.: Org. Biomol. Chem., 13, 6647 (2015);

Impurity Carbamazepine EP Impurity D Applications A metabolite of Carbamazepine (CBZ) (C175840). Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Lertratanangkoon, K., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 10, 1 (1982), Deleu, D., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 57, 243 (2001),

Applications 9-Phenanthrol-D8 is a labelled analogue of 9-Phenanthrol (P295020), a metabolite of phenanthrene (P294800).

Applications Benzo[j]fluoranthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that has tumour initiating activity and can be found in soot, oil, water and soil extracts as a common pollutant. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References LaVole, E., et al.: Carcinogenesis, 3, 49 (1982); Nadal, M., et al.: Environ. Pollut., 132, 1 (2004); White, P. & Rasmussen, J.: Mutat. Res., 410, 223 (1998); Wornat, M., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1943 (2001)