Antibiotics

Dianemycin (Nanchangmycin (free acid)) is a broad spectrum polyether antibiotic, inhibits gram-positive bacteria.

Impurity Rifaximin EP Impurity E Applications Rifamycin S (Rifaximin EP Impurity E) is a semi-synthetic antibiotic. References Li, J., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 17, 5510 (2007), Patil, R., et al.: J. Pure & App. Microbiol., 2, 211 (2008),

Cefazolin is a novel cephalosporin with anti-inflammatory activity and may be used in studies of respiratory tract infections and hepatobiliary infections.

Apramycin sulfate (Nebramycin II) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic.

Membrane pore-forming agent; H+, K+, Pb2+ ionophore; polyether antibiotic

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; lincosamide class

Chlorhexidine diacetate (Bactigras) is a disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.

Kanamycin sulfate is a water-soluble antibiotic. Genes encoding kanamycin resistance are commonly used as selection markers in molecular biology .It acts during the translation mechanism in prokaryotic ribosomes to avoid bacterial cell growth.

Applications Sodium Nafcillin Monohydrate is used as an antibiotic, used in the treatment, used in the treatment of gram-positive bacteria. References Taboada, P. et al.: Langmuir. 16, 3175 (2000);

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; lincosamide

Amikacin hydrate (BAY 41-6551 hydrate) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with bacteriostatic properties.

Applications Mapenterol Hydrochloride is a related drug of Clenbuterol (C569998), a β-agonist which can be used as a growth promoter in farm animals. References Mosbach, K., et al.: Biotechnology, 14, 163 (1996), Rashid, B., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 21, 635 (1999), Brambilla, G., et al.: Toxicol. Lett., 114, 47 (2000),

Methicillin sodium salt is the sodium salt form of methicillin, a semisynthetic beta-lactam penicillin antibiotic with beta-lactamase resistant activity.

This Thermo Scientific Chemicals brand product was originally part of the Alfa Aesar product portfolio. Some documentation and label information may refer to the legacy brand. The original Alfa Aesar product / item code or SKU reference has not changed as a part of the brand transition to Thermo Scientific Chemicals.

Paromomycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating intestinal infections and leishmaniasis.

Monensin sodium is an antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis.Monensin sodium salt (Monensin A sodium salt) causes a marked enlargement of

Calicheamicin (Calicheamicin γ1) is an antitumor antibiotic and is a DNA synthesis inhibitor. It also is a cytotoxic agent that causes double-strand DNA breaks.

Applications 9-(2,5-d|Dioxo-L-3-amino-1-pyrrolidineacetic acid)-10-deglycine Daptomycin is a stereoisomer of Daptomycin (D193350), cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic derived from a fermentation product of Streptomyces roseosporus; disrupts plasma membrane function in gram-positive bacteria. Antibacterial. References Allen, N.E., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 31, 1093 (1987), Tully, F.P., et al.: Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs, 8, 1223 (1999),

Capreomycin sulfate (Capastat sulfate) , a cyclic peptide antibiotic, binds to the 70S ribosomal unit leading to inhibition of protein synthesis.

Ganciclovir sodium, a sodium salt with anti-CMV and HSV-1 antiviral properties.

Applications Monic Acid A is the major metabolite of the antibiotic Mupirocin (M794000). Monic Acid A is also used in the preparation of cereal herbicide and mycoplasma inhibitors. References Kudoh, S. et al.: Kuromatogurafi, 13, 269 (1992); Bryan, I.B. et al.: Brighton Crop Prot. Conf. Weeds, 2, 725 (1995); Banks, R. et al.: J. Antibiot., 41, 609 (1988);

Cycloheximide, Antibiotic for Culture Media Use Only, is an antifungal agent derived from the Streptomyces griseus bacterium. Its primary mode of action involves the inhibition of eukaryotic protein synthesis by interfering with the translocation step on the 80S ribosome. This leads to rapid arrest of protein assembly, effectively limiting fungal and certain yeast growth in culture. Cycloheximide's unique properties make it invaluable in laboratory settings, specifically for the selective cultivation of bacteria in the presence of fungi. It is commonly used in research to prevent contamination in bacterial cultures, ensuring the precise study of bacterial phenotypes and genotypes. Its application extends to genetic studies, where it helps maintain the integrity of experimental conditions by controlling unwanted fungal proliferation. However, due to its broad inhibitory effects on eukaryotic cells, it is essential to handle cycloheximide with caution, ensuring its use is restricted to carefully controlled environments intended for scientific exploration.

25-O-Deacetyl rifabutin is an antibiotic derivative, which is sourced from the semi-synthetic modification of rifabutin, a compound originally derived from the fermentation of the bacterium Amycolatopsis mediterranei. This derivative works by inhibiting bacterial RNA synthesis. It achieves this by specifically targeting the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme, which is essential for bacterial transcription. The mechanism involves binding to the beta-subunit of the polymerase, thereby blocking the elongation of the RNA chain, which ultimately leads to the death of the bacterial cell. The primary applications of 25-O-Deacetyl rifabutin lie in its potential use as an anti-tubercular agent. Given the increasing prevalence of resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, derivatives of rifabutin are being extensively researched for their potential to combat multi-drug resistant forms of tuberculosis. Moreover, its structure-activity relationship is also explored for optimizing efficacy and minimizing resistance development. Studies on 25-O-Deacetyl rifabutin are ongoing to ascertain its pharmacokinetic properties and to evaluate its viability as a therapeutic agent within the broader context of infectious disease control.

Oleandomycin is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces antibioticus*. This antibiotic functions by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. The interruption of this essential process ultimately leads to the cessation of bacterial growth and replication. Oleandomycin is primarily utilized in the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative bacteria. Its efficacy is notable in respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and in certain cases, it is used as an alternative for patients allergic to penicillin. While it offers significant therapeutic benefits, careful consideration must be given to its application, as resistance can develop due to bacterial adaptation. In a research context, Oleandomycin serves as a useful tool in studies exploring bacterial protein synthesis and resistance mechanisms.

Florfenicol amine hydrochloride is a veterinary antibiotic with antimicrobial activity that can be used to study diseases caused by Bartonella henselae.

Antibacterial used in treatment of UTI and respiratory tract infections

Imidocarb dipropionate is an antigenic insecticide, is active against the protozoan parasite B. bovis (IC50 : 0.87 μg/ml).

Applications Labelled Isoniazid. Antibiotic for treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, inhibits mycolic acid biosynthesis. Metabolized by hepatic N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) to form hepatotoxins. Selectively induces expression of CYP2E1. Reversibly inhibits CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 activities, and mechanistically inactivates CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 at clinically relevant concentrations. Antibacterial (tuberculostatic). References Brewer, G.A., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 6, 183 (1977), Weber, W.W., et al.: Clin. Pharmacokinet., 4, 401 (1979)

Applications A labelled analog of the antipsychotic Lurasidone, used for treatment of schizophrenia. References Ishiyama, T., et al.: Eur. J. Pharmacol., 572, 160 (2007), Cole, P., et al.: Drugs of the Fut., 33, 316 (2008),

Nafcillin sodium monohydrate (CL 8491) is a semi-synthetic naphthalene, nafcillin inhibits bacterial wall synthesis by a mechanism similar to penicillin.

A broad spectrum antibiotic This Thermo Scientific Chemicals brand product was originally part of the Alfa Aesar product portfolio. Some documentation and label information may refer to the legacy brand. The original Alfa Aesar product / item code or SKU reference has not changed as a part of the brand transition to Thermo Scientific Chemicals.

β-lactam antibiotic of penicillin subclass, which inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by targeting the proteoglycan synthesis. Cloxacillin has a narrow spectrum of action and is effective against Gram-positive organisms. Cloxacillin is resistant to the action of β-lactamase and therefore preferentially used for treatment of Staphylococcal infections.

Gatifloxacin hydrochloride, a fourth-gen fluoroquinolone antibiotic, blocks bacterial DNA rotase and topoisomerase IV.

Seco erythromycin is a derivative of the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin, which originates from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. As a semi-synthetic compound, it retains the core lactone ring structure of erythromycin, but modifications in its chemical configuration confer distinct properties. Seco erythromycin operates by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis. This action effectively halts bacterial growth by preventing the translocation of peptides and thus impairs protein assembly. Primarily, seco erythromycin is investigated for its antimicrobial applications, showcasing activity against a range of Gram-positive bacteria. Its structural modifications may offer potential advantages such as improved acid stability or enhanced spectrum of action compared to unmodified erythromycin. Research is ongoing to fully elucidate its efficacy and potential resistance profiles, contributing to a broader arsenal of macrolide antibiotics in clinical settings where traditional options are limited by resistance mechanisms. Further exploration of its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics could reveal additional therapeutic potential within both existing and novel antimicrobial paradigms.

Broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent