Silanes

3-Mercaptopropylmethyldimethoxysilane; 3-(methyldimethoxysilyl)propylmercaptan; dimethoxy(3-mercaptopropyl)methylsilane; dimethoxymethyl(3-mercaptopropyl)silane Sulfur functional dialkoxy silaneIntermediate for silicones in thiol-ene UV-cure systemsAdhesion promoter for polysulfide sealantsUsed to make thiol-organosilica nanoparticles

Tri-substituted Silane Reducing Agent Organosilanes are hydrocarbon-like and possess the ability to serve as both ionic and free-radical reducing agents. These reagents and their reaction by-products are safer and more easily handled and disposed than many other reducing agents. The metallic nature of silicon and its low electronegativity relative to hydrogen lead to polarization of the Si-H bond yielding a hydridic hydrogen and a milder reducing agent compared to aluminum-, boron-, and other metal-based hydrides. A summary of some key silane reductions are presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Reducing Agents brochure. Triethoxysilane; Silicon triethoxide; Triethoxysilylhydride CAUTION: VAPORS CAUSE BLINDNESS - GOGGLES MUST BE WORNDISPROPORTIONATES IN PRESENCE OF BASE TO PYROPHORIC PRODUCTSContains trace Si-Cl for stabilityΔHcomb: -4,604 kJ/molΔHform: 925 kJ/molΔHvap: 175.4 kJ/molSurface tension: 22.3 mN/mVapor pressure, 20 °C: 20.2 mmCritical temperature: 244 °CDipole moment: 1.78 debyeHydrosilylates olefins in presence of PtUsed to convert alkynes to (E)-alkenes via hydrosilylation-desilylationReduces amides to amines in the presence of Zn(OAc)2Used in the reduction of phosphine oxides to phosphinesReduces esters in the presence of zinc hydride catalystReduces aldehydes and ketones to alcohols via the silyl ethers in presence of fluoride ionGives 1,2 reduction of enones to allyl alcoholsExtensive review of silicon based reducing agents: Larson, G.; Fry, J. L. "Ionic and Organometallic-Catalyzed Organosilane Reductions", Wipf, P., Ed.; Wiley, 2007

Methacrylate Functional Trialkoxy Silane Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials. Methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane Coupling agent for radical cure polymer systems and UV cure systemsUsed in microparticle surface modificationComonomer for free-radical polymerizaitonInhibited with MEHQ

Tri-substituted Silane Reducing Agent Organosilanes are hydrocarbon-like and possess the ability to serve as both ionic and free-radical reducing agents. These reagents and their reaction by-products are safer and more easily handled and disposed than many other reducing agents. The metallic nature of silicon and its low electronegativity relative to hydrogen lead to polarization of the Si-H bond yielding a hydridic hydrogen and a milder reducing agent compared to aluminum-, boron-, and other metal-based hydrides. A summary of some key silane reductions are presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Reducing Agents brochure. Tris(trimethylsilyl)silane; 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexamethyl-2-trimethylsilyltrisilane; TTMS Oxidizes slowly in contact with air at room temperatureEfficient mediator in organic radical reactionsInitiates addition of alkyl iodides to activated olefinsInitiates and promotes the radical addition of perfluoroalkyl iodides to olefins in waterHydrosilylates olefins in aqueous systems in presence of azo initiatorsUndergoes exothermic decomposition at >100 °CRadical-based reducing agent for organic halides selenides, xanthates and isocyanides and ketones in high yieldsCan provide complementary stereoselectivity to tri-n-butyltin hydride in the reduction of gem dihalidesMild reducing agent in nucleoside chemistryExtensive review of silicon based reducing agents: Larson, G.; Fry, J. L. "Ionic and Organometallic-Catalyzed Organosilane Reductions", Wipf, P., Ed.; Wiley, 2007

Olefin Functional Trialkoxy Silane Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials. Vinyltriisopropenoxysilane; Triisopropenoxyethenylsilane; Tris(isopropenyloxy)vinylsilane; Triisopropenoxysilylethylene Employed as a cross-linker and in vapor phase derivatizationByproduct is acetoneNeutral crosslinker for high-speed moisture-cure (enoxy-cure) silicones

Diamino Functional Trialkoxy Silane Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials. N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine; DAMO For higher purity see SIA0591.1 Viscosity: 6.5 cStγc of treated surfaces: 36.5 mN/mSpecific wetting surface: 358 m2/gCoefficient of thermal expansion: 0.8x10-3Coupling agent for polyamides, polycarbonates (e.g. in CDs), polyesters and copper/brass adhesionFilm-forming coupling agent/primer, berglass size componentFor cyclic version: SID3543.0 For pre-hydrolyzed version: SIA0590.0 Used in the immobilization of copper (II) catalyst on silicaUsed together w/ SID3396.0 to anchor PdCl2 catalyst to silica for acceleration of the Tsuji-Trost reaction in the allylation of nucleophilesDetermined by TGA a 25% weight loss of dried hydrolysates at 390 °CAvailable as a cohydrolysate with n-propyltrimethoxysilane (SIP6918.0) ; see SIA0591.3

N-n-Butyl-aza-2,2-dimethoxysilacyclopentane Amine functional dialkoxy silaneCross-linking cyclic azasilaneCoupling agent for nanoparticlesInterlayer bonding agent for anti-reflective lensesConventional analog available: SIB1932.2

ALD Material Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a chemically self-limiting deposition technique that is based on the sequential use of a gaseous chemical process. A thin film (as fine as -0.1 Å per cycle) results from repeating the deposition sequence as many times as needed to reach a certain thickness. The major characteristic of the films is the resulting conformality and the controlled deposition manner. Precursor selection is key in ALD processes, namely finding molecules which will have enough reactivity to produce the desired films yet are stable enough to be handled and safely delivered to the reaction chamber. Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane; D4; Cyclic tetramer; Cyclomethicone; Cyclohexasiloxane; Cyclotetrasiloxane; OMCTS Viscosity: 2.3 cStΔHfus: 18.4 kJ/molΔHvap: 45.6 kJ/molDipole moment: 1.09 debyeVapor pressure, 23 °C: 1 mmDielectric constant: 2.39Ring strain: 1.00 kJ/molSurface tension, 20 °C: 17.9 mN/mCritical temperature: 314 °CCritical pressure: 1.03 mPaSpecific heat: 502 J/g/°Coefficient of thermal expansion: 0.8 x 10-3Cryoscopic constant: 11.2Henry’s law constant, Hc: 3.4 ± 1.7Ea, polym: 79 kJ/molOctanol/water partition coefficient, log Kow: 5.1Basic building block for silicones by ring-opening polymerizationSolubility, water: 50 ?g/l

Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure. n-Octyltriethoxysilane; Triethoxysilyloctane Viscosity: 1.9 cStVapor pressure, 75 °C: 1 mmWidely used in architectural hydrophobationSurface treatment for pigments in cosmetic vehicles and compositesMay be formulated to stable water emulsionsSuppresses nucleation behavior in ZnO-polylactic acid compositesTrialkoxy silane

(3-(N-Ethylamino)isobutyl)trimethoxysilane; 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-N-ethyl-2-methyl-1-propanamine Secondary amino functional trialkoxy silaneReacts with isocyanate resins (urethanes) to form moisture cureable systemsPrimary amine coupling agent for UV cure and epoxy systemsUsed in microparticle surface modificationAdvanced cyclic analog available: SIE4891.0

HMS-031 - (3-4% Methylhydrosiloxane)-dimethylsiloxane co-polymer Trimethylsiloxane terminated, 25-25cSt

Aromatic Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure. 4-Phenylbutyldimethylchlorosilane; 4-(Chlorodimethylsilylbutyl)benzene

Phenyl-Containing Blocking Agent Used as a protecting group for reactive hydrogens in alcohols, amines, thiols, and carboxylic acids. Organosilanes are hydrogen-like, can be introduced in high yield, and can be removed under selective conditions. They are stable over a wide range of reaction conditions and can be removed in the presence of other functional groups, including other protecting groups. The tolerance of silylated alcohols to chemical transformations summary is presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure. Aromatic Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure. Diphenylmethylchlorosilane; Methyldiphenylchlorosilane; Chloro(methyl)diphenylsilane Viscosity: 5.3 cStΔHvap: 623.7 kJ/molSurface tension: 40.0 mN/mVapor pressure, 125 °C: 3 mmThermal conductivity: 0.112 W/m°Cα-Silylates esters, lactones; precursors to silyl enolatesC-Silylates carbamates as shown in the enantioselective example w/ a neryl carbamateStability versus other silyl ethers studiedSummary of selective deprotection conditions is provided in Table 7 through Table 20 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure

Alkyl Silane - Dipodal Surface Bonding Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure. Non Functional Alkoxy Silane Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials. Dipodal Silane Dipodal silanes are a series of adhesion promoters that have intrinsic hydrolytic stabilities up to ~10,000 times greater than conventional silanes and are used in applications such as plastic optics, multilayer printed circuit boards and as adhesive primers for ferrous and nonferrous metals. They have the ability to form up to six bonds to a substrate compared to conventional silanes with the ability to form only three bonds to a substrate. Many conventional coupling agents are frequently used in combination with 10-40% of a non-functional dipodal silane, where the conventional coupling agent provides the appropriate functionality for the application, and the non-functional dipodal silane provides increased durability. Also known as bis-silanes additives enhance hydrolytic stability, which impacts on increased product shelf life, ensures better substrate bonding and also leads to improved mechanical properties in coatings as well as composite applications. 1-(Triethoxysilyl)-2-(diethoxymethylsilyl)ethane Forms abrasion resistant sol-gel coatingsLower toxicity, easier to handle than bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane, SIB1817.0Improves hydrolytic stability of silane adhesion promotion systemsUsed in surface modification

Aminopropylsilsesquioxane, trihydroxysilylpropylamine condensate; aminopropylsilsesquioxane oligomer Water-borne amino alkyl silsesquioxane oligomersViscosity: 5-15 cStMole % functional group: 100pH: 10-10.5Internal hydrogen bonding stabilizes solutionPrimers for metalsAmphotericOrganic and silanol functionalityLow VOC coupling agent for siliceous surfacesAdditives for acrylic latex sealants

Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure. n-Octadecyltrichlorosilane; OTS; Trichlorosilyloctadecane; Trichlorooctadecylsilane Contains <5% C18 isomersProvides lipophilic surface coatingsEmployed in patterning and printing of electroactive molecular filmsImmobilizes physiologically active cell organellesTreated substrates increase electron transport of pentacene filmsHighest concentration of terminal silane substitution

Bridging Silicon-Based Blocking Agent Used as a protecting group for reactive hydrogens in alcohols, amines, thiols, and carboxylic acids. Organosilanes are hydrogen-like, can be introduced in high yield, and can be removed under selective conditions. They are stable over a wide range of reaction conditions and can be removed in the presence of other functional groups, including other protecting groups. The tolerance of silylated alcohols to chemical transformations summary is presented in Table 1 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure. Alkyl Silane - Conventional Surface Bonding Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure. Dimethyldichlorosilane; Dichlorodimethylsilane; DMS AIR TRANSPORT FORBIDDENViscosity: 0.47 cStVapor pressure, 17 °C: 100 mmSpecific heat: 0.92 J/g/°ΔHcomb: -2,055 kJ/molΔHvap: 33.5 kJ/molSurface tension: 20.1 mN/mCoefficient of thermal expansion: 1.3 x 10-3Critical temperature: 247.2 °CCritical pressure: 34.4 atmFundamental monomer for siliconesEmployed in the tethering of two olefins for the cross metathesis-coupling step in the synthesis of Attenol AAids in the intramolecular Pinacol reactionReacts with alcohols, diols, and hydroxy carboxylic acidsEmployed as a protecting group/template in C-glycoside synthesisHigher purity available as SID4120.1Summary of selective deprotection conditions is provided in Table 7 through Table 20 of the Silicon-Based Blocking Agents brochure

3-Chloropropyltriethoxysilane; triethoxy(chloropropyl)silane; 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl-1-chloride Halogen functional trialkoxy silaneAdhesion promoter for polyamine and epoxy resinsUsed in microparticle surface modification

Methacrylate Functional Trialkoxy Silane Silane coupling agents have the ability to form a durable bond between organic and inorganic materials to generate desired heterogeneous environments or to incorporate the bulk properties of different phases into a uniform composite structure. The general formula has two classes of functionality. The hydrolyzable group forms stable condensation products with siliceous surfaces and other oxides such as those of aluminum, zirconium, tin, titanium, and nickel. The organofunctional group alters the wetting or adhesion characteristics of the substrate, utilizes the substrate to catalyze chemical transformations at the heterogeneous interface, orders the interfacial region, or modifies its partition characteristics, and significantly effects the covalent bond between organic and inorganic materials. O-(Methacryloxyethyl)-N-(triethoxysilylpropyl)carbamate Coupling agent for UV cure systemsHydrophilic monomerUsed in microparticle surface modificationInhibited with MEHQ

(3-Glycidoxypropyl)triethoxysilane; triethoxy[3-(oxiranylmethoxy)propyl]-silane; 2-[[3- (triethoxysilyl)propoxy]methyl]-oxirane; triethoxy[3- (oxiranylmethoxy)propyl]silane; 3-(2,3- epoxypropoxypropyl)triethoxysilane Epoxy functional trialkoxy silaneViscosity: 3 cSt Coupling agent for latex polymersUsed in microparticle surface modificationPrimer for aluminum and glass to epoxy coatings and adhesives when applied as a 1-2% solution in solventCoupling agent for UV cure and epoxy systemsEpoxy silane treated surfaces convert to hydrophilic-diols when exposed to moisture