Terpenoids

Natural glycoside

Natural glycoside

(+)-Cembrene is a diterpene hydrocarbon, which is a naturally occurring compound primarily found in marine organisms such as soft corals. This compound is characterized by its complex cyclic structure, which is a hallmark of many terpenoids known for diverse biological activities. The source of (+)-Cembrene is often the soft coral species, where it functions as a part of the organism's chemical defense system, deterring predators and inhibiting microbial growth. The mode of action of (+)-Cembrene involves its interaction with various biological targets, as its structure allows it to insert into membrane lipids, potentially affecting membrane fluidity and permeability. This can lead to modulation of ion channels or enzymes associated with cell membranes, thereby influencing signaling pathways. The uses and applications of (+)-Cembrene include its potential research interest in pharmacology and biochemistry due to its bioactive properties. Studies have investigated its role in modulating inflammatory responses, and its potential as an anti-cancer agent is also being explored, given its ability to influence cellular pathways. As a naturally derived compound, (+)-Cembrene continues to be of significant interest in the development of novel therapeutic agents.

Alicyclic ether

Betulin analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Triterpenoid saponin with anti-tumour and antiangiogenic activity

Natural glycoside

Natural glycoside

14-Epitriptolide is a diterpenoid epoxide, which is derived from the natural product triptolide. It originates from the plant species *Tripterygium wilfordii*, commonly known in traditional Chinese medicine. The mode of action of 14-Epitriptolide involves the inhibition of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription, thereby interfering with transcriptional processes essential for cancer cell survival and proliferation. Additionally, it induces oxidative stress and disrupts cellular homeostasis. The compound has been investigated for its potential applications in oncology, specifically as a therapeutic agent due to its ability to target rapidly dividing cancer cells while inducing apoptosis. Its unique mechanism offers promise in the development of novel cancer treatments, particularly for tumors resistant to conventional therapies. Research continues to explore 14-Epitriptolide's full range of biological effects, its specificity, and the modulation of its efficacy and toxicity.

Lactone

**Acetoxyvalerenic acid** is a bioactive compound, which is a sesquiterpenic constituent derived from the roots of *Valeriana officinalis*, commonly known as valerian. This perennial flowering plant is indigenous to Europe and parts of Asia and has been historically utilized for its sedative and calming effects. Recent phytochemical studies have isolated acetoxyvalerenic acid as one of the active sesquiterpenoids contributing to these effects. The mode of action of acetoxyvalerenic acid involves the modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission. It is believed to enhance GABAergic activity by interacting with GABA receptors, thus potentially reducing neuronal excitability and promoting relaxation and sleep. Acetoxyvalerenic acid is primarily researched for its application in the study of anxiety and sleep disorders. Its potential applications extend to exploring natural therapies that impact the central nervous system, particularly as an alternative to synthetic sedatives. By understanding the interactions of such compounds with neurological pathways, scientists aim to develop more effective strategies for managing neuropsychiatric conditions.

Lactone

Deoxygedunin is a natural limonoid, which is a type of chemical compound often derived from plant sources, particularly in the Meliaceae family. This compound is primarily isolated from the seeds of the Indian neem tree (Azadirachta indica) and the African mahogany tree (Khaya senegalensis). It exhibits its biological effects through activation of the Nrf2 pathway, an essential cellular defense mechanism against oxidative stress. By promoting the expression of antioxidant proteins, deoxygedunin enhances cellular resilience to oxidative damage. In terms of applications, deoxygedunin has been the focus of research for its potential neuroprotective effects, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Its ability to modulate signaling pathways involved in cellular protection suggests possible therapeutic uses in these contexts. Furthermore, studies have explored its impact on inflammation and cancer pathways, indicating a broader spectrum of biological activity. The multifaceted properties of deoxygedunin render it a compound of significant interest in both basic research and potential clinical applications.

Toosendanin is a bioinsecticidal compound, which is a natural product isolated from the bark of the Melia toosendan tree, also known as the Chinese Melia. The source of this compound lies in the Meliaceae family, known for its diverse array of bioactive phytochemicals. The mode of action of Toosendanin involves interference with the neuromuscular system of insects. It disrupts the normal function of neurotransmission, leading to paralysis and ultimately the death of the insect. This specificity in targeting the insect nervous system minimizes its impact on non-target organisms, making it a promising candidate for environmentally friendly pest control. Toosendanin is used in agricultural applications to manage various insect pests that pose a threat to crops. Its efficacy and natural origin appeal to integrated pest management strategies, where reducing chemical pesticide use is a priority. It is particularly effective against Lepidopteran pests and has been studied for its potential in sustainable agriculture practices, contributing to reducing the ecological footprint of pest management.

Lupeol analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

alpha-Boswellic acid analytical standard provided with chromatographic purity, to be used as reference material for qualitative determination.

β-Aescin is a saponin glycoside, which is derived from the seeds of the horse chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum). It acts primarily through anti-inflammatory mechanisms and improves vascular permeability. By inhibiting enzymes such as hyaluronidase and elastase, β-Aescin reduces the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans and supports capillary integrity. This results in decreased edema and improved venous tone, making it beneficial in reducing symptoms associated with chronic venous insufficiency. The compound is applied in the treatment of vascular disorders, particularly those related to chronic venous insufficiency, such as varicose veins and hemorrhoids. Additionally, β-Aescin is used to alleviate swelling and inflammation following surgery or injury. Its ability to enhance microcirculatory flow and reduce capillary fragility has made it a valuable addition to therapeutic protocols focused on vascular health and anti-inflammatory responses.

Marrubiin is a plant-derived alkaloid, which is extracted from the white horehound (Marrubium vulgare) plant. This diterpenoid compound acts primarily through its ability to stimulate gastric secretion, which in turn influences the respiratory system by increasing the production of fluid mucus. This action facilitates the expectoration of phlegm, making Marrubiin useful in treating conditions that involve excessive mucus buildup in the airways, such as chronic bronchitis and asthma. In addition to its primary use in respiratory ailments, Marrubiin has been studied for its potential in other therapeutic areas due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These attributes make it an area of interest for research into broader applications, including cardiovascular health and digestive system benefits. Moreover, its role in modulating various biological pathways underscores its significance in pharmacological studies aimed at developing new therapeutics sourced from natural compounds. Such properties warrant further investigation into its mechanism of action and therapeutic potential beyond traditional uses.

Natural glycoside

Lactone

Natural glycoside

Glycyrrhetic acid 3-O-b-D-glucuronide is a bioactive compound derived from the root of the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Licorice has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, and this compound is one of its active components. The compound functions by modulating inflammatory pathways, primarily through inhibiting enzymes like cyclooxygenase and phospholipase A2, which play key roles in the inflammatory response. In addition, it exhibits effects on glucocorticoid metabolism, enhancing the activity of endogenous glucocorticoids and subsequently leading to anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects. Glycyrrhetic acid 3-O-b-D-glucuronide has applications in the treatment of conditions characterized by inflammation. It is studied for its potential use in formulations targeting inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis and skin conditions like eczema. Furthermore, its effects on cortisol metabolism make it intriguing in the context of metabolic and stress-related disorders. The compound's pharmacokinetic profile, interaction with metabolic pathways, and potential therapeutic applications continue to be active areas of scientific research.

Pseudolaric acid A beta-D-glucoside is a bioactive compound, which is a natural product derived from Pseudolarix amabilis, a species of tree native to certain regions of China. It belongs to the diterpenoid family, known for their diverse structural features and significant biological activities. This compound exhibits its mode of action primarily through interactions with cellular pathways, modulating specific enzymatic activities and receptor responses, which can lead to varying effects at the cellular and molecular levels. Research on Pseudolaric acid A beta-D-glucoside has demonstrated its potential applications in pharmacology due to its ability to exhibit antifungal, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. These effects make it a subject of interest for further investigation in the development of therapeutic agents. Its synthesis and biochemical properties continue to be studied to elucidate its mechanisms of action and to explore its potential in drug discovery and development. Scientists are particularly interested in its efficacy and selectivity in targeting specific cellular processes, which may pave the way for novel medical treatments.

Natural glycoside

Methyl lucidenate D2 is a triterpenoid compound, which is a derivative isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum, a widely studied medicinal mushroom. This compound exhibits activity primarily through its ability to modulate various signaling pathways implicated in cancer cell proliferation and survival. Specifically, it has been observed to interfere with tumor growth by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in several cancer cell lines. The uses and applications of Methyl lucidenate D2 are mainly focused on cancer research, given its potential as an anticancer agent. It is utilized in experimental oncology for studying the biochemical pathways involved in cancer progression and for evaluating its efficacy and mechanisms as a therapeutic compound. Researchers may also explore its synergistic effects with other anticancer agents, aiming to enhance treatment outcomes. As such, Methyl lucidenate D2 represents a significant interest in the development of alternative and complementary approaches to cancer therapy.

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Natural glycoside

3-Acetyl-beta-boswellic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound, which is derived from the resin of the Boswellia serrata tree. It exhibits significant biological activity, mainly due to its anti-inflammatory properties. The mode of action primarily involves the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase, an enzyme crucial in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, which are mediators in inflammatory and allergic responses. Additionally, it has been shown to modulate various signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in inflammation. The compound is widely researched for its applications in managing chronic inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Scientists are also exploring its potential in oncology, where it may inhibit tumor growth and metastasis through modulation of immune responses. Its bioavailability and pharmacokinetics are subjects of ongoing studies to better understand and enhance its therapeutic efficacy. Overall, 3-acetyl-beta-boswellic acid's role in biomedicine continues to expand as more is discovered about its mechanisms and potential applications.

Chrysanthellin B is a bioactive compound, which is a secondary metabolite isolated from the plant Chrysanthemum indicum, known for its potential therapeutic properties. This product originates from the Asteraceae family, which is a rich source of pharmacologically active substances. The mode of action of Chrysanthellin B involves modulation of lipid metabolism and antioxidant activity, which can contribute to hepatoprotective effects. Specifically, it interacts with biochemical pathways to inhibit lipid peroxidation and promote hepatic health. Chrysanthellin B is primarily studied for its use in reducing lipid levels and protecting liver function. It has shown promise in the context of experimental models of hyperlipidemia and hepatic disorders, providing insights into potential applications in treating metabolic syndrome and related conditions. Further research is ongoing to elucidate its mechanisms and efficacy in clinical contexts.

Natural glycoside

Carboxylic acid with alcohol function

Escin Ib is a natural saponin glycoside, which is derived from the seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum, commonly known as horse chestnut. Its mode of action involves inhibiting the enzyme hyaluronidase, thereby reducing capillary permeability and effectively controlling edema and inflammation. Additionally, it acts by stabilizing lysosomal membranes, further contributing to its anti-inflammatory effects. The primary applications of Escin Ib are in the management of chronic venous insufficiency, edema associated with acute and chronic trauma, and inflammation. Due to its mechanism of action, it is also being investigated for potential benefits in conditions characterized by excessive inflammation and tissue swelling. Its efficacy in these applications makes it a subject of interest in pharmacological research, particularly in developing therapeutic interventions for vascular and inflammatory disorders.

Ginsenoside Rk2 is a bioactive compound, specifically a saponin, which is extracted from the root of Panax ginseng, a plant traditionally used in Asian medicine. The mode of action of Ginsenoside Rk2 involves modulating various cellular pathways, including influencing gene expression and enzyme activity, which contribute to its diverse physiological effects. It has been studied for its potential to impact cell signaling mechanisms, including those involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Ginsenoside Rk2's primary applications center around its research potential in pharmacology and medicine. It is predominantly explored for its role in anti-cancer therapies, due to its ability to induce cell cycle arrest and promote apoptosis in cancer cells. Additionally, Rk2 is investigated for its neuroprotective effects, possibly offering insights into managing neurodegenerative disorders. Its anti-inflammatory properties are also of interest in studies related to chronic inflammatory diseases. As research continues, Ginsenoside Rk2 holds promise for contributing valuable insights into new therapeutic approaches targeting multiple biochemical pathways.

Carboxylic acid with alcohol function

Betulonic acid is a naturally occurring triterpenoid compound, which is sourced from the bark of certain species of birch trees, mainly Betula species. It exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, primarily through the modulation of various signaling pathways involved in inflammation and apoptosis. Betulonic acid acts by inhibiting key enzymes and transcription factors, such as cyclooxygenase and NF-κB, thereby reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and promoting cell death in cancerous cells. In scientific research, betulonic acid is utilized for its pharmacological potential in developing treatments for inflammatory diseases, including arthritis and chronic pain conditions. Moreover, its role in cancer therapy is being explored due to its ability to induce apoptosis in tumor cells, making it a subject of interest for drug development in oncology. By understanding its mechanisms and applications, scientists aim to harness its properties for therapeutic advancements.

Triterpenoid saponin with many suggested pharmacological properties

Alicyclic ketone

Natural glycoside

Alicyclic ketone

(R)-Pulegone - 95% is a monoterpene ketone, which is a type of organic compound commonly found in essential oils of mint plants, particularly in Mentha species. This compound is naturally derived from the aromatic leaves of these plants and is a major component contributing to their characteristic scent. The mode of action of (R)-Pulegone primarily involves its interaction with olfactory receptors, making it valuable in the fragrance industry. It is also noted for its ability to influence enzymatic pathways, potentially offering diverse bioactive effects, though these require further exploration. (R)-Pulegone has a range of applications, particularly in the field of flavor and fragrance formulation due to its minty aroma. Additionally, its natural chemical properties are being investigated for potential uses in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries, such as in the development of bioactive compounds and natural pesticides. However, careful consideration is necessary regarding its toxicological profile, which mandates further studies for safe utilization.

Verbenalin is an iridoid glycoside, which is a naturally occurring compound sourced from the plant genus Verbena, notably from Verbena officinalis. It is characterized by its cyclic monoterpene structure linked to a sugar moiety. This compound is known for its biological activity, primarily influencing the nervous system. The mode of action of Verbenalin is primarily attributed to its interaction with neurotransmitter systems and its antioxidative properties. Studies have shown that it can modulate the levels of certain neurotransmitters, providing a neuroprotective effect. Additionally, Verbenalin exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. In terms of applications, Verbenalin is often investigated in the context of neurological research. It has been studied for its potential benefits in treating conditions related to neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits. Furthermore, its anti-inflammatory properties make it a candidate for research in managing inflammation-related disorders. The ongoing research aims to explore Verbenalin's full potential and elucidate its mechanisms further.

Natural glycoside