Terpenoids

Natural glycoside

Monovalent phenol

Ginkgolide C is a terpenoid lactone, which is a natural compound isolated from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree. Ginkgolide C is primarily known for its activity as a specific antagonist of platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of PAF binding to its receptor, thereby reducing PAF-related inflammatory responses and platelet aggregation. The applications of Ginkgolide C are particularly significant in neuroscience and pharmacology, where it has been explored for its neuroprotective effects. Studies suggest potential benefits in conditions such as ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, due to its capacity to mitigate inflammation and improve microcirculation. Additionally, its role in modulating vascular function and reducing oxidative stress further underlines its therapeutic potential. While Ginkgolide C continues to be a subject of research, its precise mechanisms and full range of therapeutic uses are subjects of ongoing investigation, rendering it an intriguing candidate for future drug development.

Natural glycoside

Carboxylic acid with alcohol function

Lactone

Notoginsenoside Fe is a bioactive saponin, which is a natural compound sourced from the roots of the Panax notoginseng plant, commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. This compound is part of the ginsenoside family and is known for its diverse pharmacological properties. As a saponin, Notoginsenoside Fe operates by modulating various biological pathways, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which contribute to its therapeutic potential. The compound is primarily investigated for its possible applications in cardiovascular health, where it has shown promise due to its ability to improve blood circulation and protect endothelial cell integrity. Additionally, Notoginsenoside Fe is studied for its neuroprotective effects, which may be beneficial in treating neurodegenerative diseases. Its abilities to influence cellular signaling pathways make it a molecule of interest for further research in pharmacology and biomedicine. However, extensive clinical evaluations are necessary to fully elucidate its mechanisms and therapeutic efficacy in humans.

Natural glycoside

Natural glycoside

Oleanolic acid methylester analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Lactone

Monotropein is a bioactive compound, which is an iridoid glycoside derived from natural sources such as plants in the Gentianaceae and Rubiaceae families. Its mode of action primarily involves anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways, exerting effects through modulation of specific molecular targets like NF-kB and various oxidative stress-related enzymes. These actions contribute to its efficacy in reducing inflammation and protecting against cellular oxidative damage. The uses and applications of monotropein are broad and primarily focused on its potential therapeutic implications. It has been studied for its role in managing inflammatory disorders, reducing oxidative stress-related cellular damage, and providing cytoprotection. Additionally, monotropein has been investigated for potential benefits in conditions such as arthritis, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders, reflecting its multifaceted biological activities. Research continues to explore its pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and overall therapeutic potential in various preclinical and clinical settings.

Natural glycoside

Incensole is a unique diterpenoid compound, which is derived from the resin of Boswellia species, commonly known as frankincense. It is characterized by its complex molecular structure, which contributes to its various biological activities. The mode of action of Incensole involves modulating inflammatory pathways and acting on the central nervous system, where it primarily affects neurotransmitter dynamics and receptor interactions. This modulating capability is of particular interest in the realm of neurological and anti-inflammatory research. Incensole is extensively studied for its potential applications in neuropharmacology, given its ability to influence mood and cognitive functions. The compound's anti-inflammatory properties also make it a candidate for research in treating conditions such as arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Additionally, its effects on neurotransmitter regulation may open avenues for developing new therapeutic strategies for mental health disorders like depression and anxiety. The ongoing research into Incensole's multifaceted bioactivities positions it as a promising candidate for the development of new pharmacological agents.

Natural diterpene; anti-microbial

Alpha-Cyperone is a sesquiterpene compound, which is a natural product isolated from essential oils of certain plants like Cyperus rotundus. It is primarily sourced from the rhizomes of these plants and is known for its diverse biological activities. The mode of action of alpha-Cyperone involves the modulation of cellular pathways, potentially affecting inflammation and oxidation processes. The compound is utilized in various scientific research settings, especially for its potential pharmacological effects. It is studied for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it a topic of interest in the development of therapeutic agents. Researchers are exploring its applications in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and its role in modulating biological responses to oxidative stress. Alpha-Cyperone's efficacy and mechanism continue to be subjects of extensive investigation, contributing to the broader understanding of sesquiterpene compounds in pharmacology.

3-O-Acetyl-beta-boswellic acid analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Cyclic alcohol

Isolimonene is a monoterpene, which is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon found primarily in citrus oils extracted from the rinds of fruits such as lemons, oranges, and grapefruits. As a compound derived from the secondary metabolites of plants, it is intricately involved in the plant's defense mechanisms. The mode of action of isolimonene involves disrupting the normal metabolic processes of pests, particularly certain insect species. It interferes with the nervous system of these organisms, leading to paralysis and eventual mortality. This biological activity is attributed to its ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme essential for the breakdown of neurotransmitters. In scientific applications, isolimonene is valued for its potent insecticidal properties, serving as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides. Its use extends to agricultural sectors aiming to manage pest populations while minimizing environmental impact. Additionally, its role in the formulation of biopesticides is of growing interest, particularly in integrated pest management systems that prioritize sustainable practices. Researchers continue to explore its full potential and efficacy across a variety of pest species and agricultural settings.

Cinnamodial is a naturally occurring compound classified as a sesquiterpene dialdehyde, which is isolated from cinnamon oil, derived primarily from the bark of the Cinnamomum tree. Its primary mode of action involves disrupting cellular integrity through binding with fungal cell membranes, leading to increased permeability and ultimately cell death. This mechanism highlights its potential as an effective antifungal agent. Research has shown Cinnamodial’s efficacy against a range of fungal pathogens, making it a candidate for applications in both agricultural and clinical settings. In agriculture, it can be used to manage fungal diseases in crops, enhancing yield and reducing losses. Clinically, it offers promise for the development of new antifungal therapeutics, especially in the context of rising antifungal resistance. Its natural origins also appeal to the ongoing search for biochemicals with lower environmental impact. Continued investigation into its activity spectrum, toxicity, and formulation will determine its viability for widespread use.

Digitoxose is a deoxy sugar, which is an integral component of certain cardiac glycosides. These glycosides, such as digitoxin, are predominantly sourced from the leaves of the digitalis species, particularly Digitalis purpurea or Digitalis lanata. The sugar moiety, digitoxose, is critical for the glycoside's ability to exert its pharmacological effects through interactions with cellular components. The mode of action of digitoxose, once it is part of the glycoside, involves inhibiting the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in cardiac cells. This inhibition results in increased intracellular sodium, which subsequently leads to increased intracellular calcium via the sodium-calcium exchanger. Elevated calcium levels enhance cardiac contractility, making digitoxose-containing glycosides invaluable in the treatment of certain heart conditions. Digitoxose and its glycosides are primarily applied in the management of heart failure and arrhythmias, where they work to increase the force of heart contractions and maintain an appropriate rhythm. Their usage, however, requires careful dosing and monitoring due to the narrow therapeutic window and potential for toxicity.

(+)-Nerolidol is a sesquiterpene alcohol, which is a type of volatile organic compound. It is derived from the essential oils of various plants, including jasmine, tea tree, and lemongrass. As a natural compound, (+)-Nerolidol is synthesized by plants as part of their aromatic profile and may serve as a defense mechanism against pathogens and herbivores. The mode of action of (+)-Nerolidol is attributed to its lipophilic nature, which allows it to penetrate cellular membranes easily. This property enables interactions with various biological targets, leading to its diverse biological activities. It has been investigated for its potential effects on microbial activity, antioxidant properties, and as a skin penetration enhancer. The applications of (+)-Nerolidol are broad, with studies indicating its utility in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and agricultural sectors. In pharmaceuticals, it holds promise as an antifungal, antimicrobial, and anticancer agent. In cosmetics, it may function as a fragrance additive and a skin absorption enhancer for other active ingredients. Additionally, in agriculture, its role as an insect repellent and natural pesticide is being explored. The versatility of (+)-Nerolidol continues to make it a compound of interest in various scientific domains.

Carboxylic acid with phenol function

Triptophenolide is a bioactive compound, which is a diterpenoid lactone extracted from the plant Tripterygium wilfordii. This compound is characterized by its ability to modulate various molecular targets and pathways associated with inflammation and immune response. The mode of action of triptophenolide involves the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, a pivotal transcription factor that regulates genes involved in inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation, and survival. By disrupting NF-κB activity, triptophenolide effectively decreases the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators. Triptophenolide is primarily used in research settings to explore its effects on diseases characterized by excessive inflammatory responses, such as autoimmune disorders and certain types of cancer. Its unique mechanism and plant-derived origin make it a compound of interest in the development of new therapeutic strategies. While its potent biochemical interactions underscore significant therapeutic potential, further studies are required to fully elucidate its efficacy and safety profiles in clinical applications.

Alantolactone is a bioactive sesquiterpene lactone, which is derived from the roots of Inula helenium, a plant commonly known as elecampane. This compound is characterized by its complex bicyclic structure and exhibits a range of biological activities. The mode of action of alantolactone involves multiple biochemical pathways, including the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and the modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These pathways contribute to its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antimicrobial properties. In scientific research, alantolactone is utilized for its potential therapeutic benefits. It is studied for its anti-cancer effects, particularly in inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation in various cancer cell lines. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory properties make it a subject of interest for treating inflammatory diseases. The compound also possesses antimicrobial activity, adding to its versatility in pharmacological research. The exploration of alantolactone’s diverse bioactivities continues to provide valuable insights into its mechanisms, offering potential applications in drug development.

Prosaikogenin H is a naturally occurring compound, classified as a saponin, which is derived from specific plant sources, particularly within the family Araliaceae. It is obtained through extraction and purification processes from plants known for their bioactive compounds. The mode of action of prosaikogenin H involves interacting with cellular pathways to modulate biological responses, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These interactions are facilitated by its structural properties that enable it to engage with cell membranes and influence signaling cascades. Prosaikogenin H is primarily used in research focused on exploring therapeutic potentials, particularly in the development of treatments for inflammatory conditions and oxidative stress-related disorders. It serves as a valuable compound in pharmacological studies aiming to discover novel therapeutic agents. Its applications extend to cellular and molecular biology research, where it may be used to elucidate biological mechanisms and pathways relevant to its activity. As such, prosaikogenin H stands out in scientific investigations for its promising role in advancing our understanding of plant-derived bioactive compounds in health sciences.

Natural glycoside

Cyclic alcohol

Ginsenoside Rb1 - 98% is a purified chemical compound, specifically a saponin, derived from the roots of Panax ginseng, a perennial plant native to East Asia. The compound belongs to the ginsenoside family, which constitutes the primary active components of ginseng. Ginsenoside Rb1 exerts its biological effects through modulation of various signaling pathways, notably impacting cellular processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. It has been observed to interact with receptors and channels on the cell membrane, influencing intracellular signaling cascades that contribute to its pharmacological actions. The applications of Ginsenoside Rb1 are significant in biomedical research, where it is studied for its potential neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. It is employed in experimental models to investigate its therapeutic effects on diseases such as Alzheimer's, diabetes, and cardiovascular conditions. Due to its diverse physiological impacts, Ginsenoside Rb1 continues to be a compound of interest for scientists exploring natural products with clinical potential.

Cyclic alcohol

Natural glycoside

Loganic acid is a natural iridoid glycoside, which is primarily derived from plants belonging to the Loganiaceae family, such as the genus Strychnos. As a bioactive compound, it plays a significant role in plant defense mechanisms and possesses potential therapeutic properties that are of great interest to the scientific community. The mode of action of loganic acid involves its interaction with specific biochemical pathways related to inflammation and oxidative stress. It can modulate the activity of enzymes and receptors involved in these pathways, thereby exhibiting potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Loganic acid is being investigated for its various applications in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology. Its promising attributes suggest potential in developing treatments for conditions associated with inflammation and oxidative damage. Researchers are exploring its applications further, aiming to harness its bioactivity in drug development and therapeutic interventions. The compound's structural characteristics also make it a subject of interest in studying biochemical processes and pathways relevant to human health.

11,13-Dihydroxy-3-oxo-10(14)guaien-12,6-olide is a bioactive compound, which is a phytochemical derived from Cynara cardunculus, commonly known as the artichoke. This compound belongs to a class of organic compounds known as sesquiterpene lactones. It is primarily sourced from the leaves and flower buds of the artichoke plant, which are rich in various polyphenolic and terpenoid components. The mode of action of 11,13-Dihydroxy-3-oxo-10(14)guaien-12,6-olide involves interacting with biological pathways that regulate inflammation and oxidative stress. It may inhibit key enzymes involved in the inflammatory response, as well as scavenge free radicals, thereby exerting an antioxidant effect. These mechanisms contribute to its potential therapeutic properties. In terms of applications, this compound is of significant interest in the field of pharmacology for its possible health benefits. It has been studied for its potential use in treating conditions such as liver disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and various inflammatory conditions. Ongoing research aims to explore its efficacy, bioavailability, and safety for further development into therapeutic agents.

Cryptotanshinone is a naturally occurring bioactive compound, which is an abietane diterpenoid sourced from the roots of *Salvia miltiorrhiza*, commonly known as Danshen. This compound exhibits a distinct mode of action characterized by its inhibition of the STAT3 signaling pathway, which is crucial in the regulation of gene expression involved in cell growth and survival. Furthermore, Cryptotanshinone demonstrates the ability to modulate various other molecular targets, such as the androgen receptor, rendering it valuable in the pharmacological landscape. Primarily, Cryptotanshinone is utilized in oncology research due to its promising anticancer activity, which includes the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. Additionally, it has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects, showing potential in the treatment of conditions mediated by excessive inflammation. Researchers are exploring its utility in the development of novel therapeutic agents for cancer and inflammatory diseases, making it a subject of considerable interest in pharmacological and biochemical studies.

Gypenoside Li is a phytochemical compound, which is derived from the plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum, commonly known as Jiaogulan. It functions primarily through modulating various biological pathways, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms, making it of significant interest for therapeutic research. This compound has been observed to influence cellular pathways that regulate oxidative stress and inflammation, potentially offering protective effects in various models of disease. Its ability to modulate these pathways suggests it may have applications in managing conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. The interest in Gypenoside Li lies in its potential to improve cellular resilience and modulate biological responses to stressors. Research continues to explore the full extent of its pharmacodynamics and potential clinical applications, focusing on its molecular targets and the precise mechanisms of its action. While not yet widely adopted in clinical practice, Gypenoside Li serves as a promising candidate in the field of pharmacognosy and drug discovery, warranting further investigation into its biochemical properties and therapeutic potentials.

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Lactone

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound