Terpenoids

Natural glycoside

Isoescin IA is a naturally derived product, specifically a saponin, which is extracted from the seeds of the Aesculus hippocastanum, commonly known as horse chestnut. This compound is isolated through a meticulous process involving solvent extraction and purification to maintain its integrity and efficacy. Isoescin IA acts primarily by strengthening the walls of veins and small blood vessels, reducing capillary fragility, and exerting anti-inflammatory effects. It achieves this by inhibiting enzymes that degrade proteoglycans, thereby enhancing the vascular barrier function and reducing edema. In pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications, Isoescin IA is utilized for its therapeutic potential in treating chronic venous insufficiency and related vascular disorders. It is also incorporated into topical formulations for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, benefiting conditions such as varicose veins and skin irritation. Furthermore, it is explored for its role in enhancing skin elasticity and providing anti-aging effects, making it a versatile component in both medical and cosmetic industries.

Polyphenol

Ketone alcohol

Alicyclic ketone

Carboxylic acid with alcohol function

Primary component found in carrot seed oil

Chrysanthellin A is a sesquiterpene lactone, which is a type of natural bioactive compound. It is isolated from Chrysanthellum americanum, a flowering plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. The mode of action of Chrysanthellin A involves modulating inflammatory pathways and potentially inhibiting certain enzymes involved in metabolic processes. Chrysanthellin A is studied for its potential applications in treating conditions associated with inflammation and metabolic disorders. Research indicates its promise in modulating oxidative stress and lipid metabolism, giving it potential utility in addressing issues like hyperlipidemia and related cardiovascular conditions. The compound’s activity on specific biochemical pathways suggests a targeted approach to disease management, although comprehensive clinical studies are essential to fully substantiate its therapeutic efficacy and safety.

Cimigenol is an acetate extract from the plant Cimicifuga foetida. This extract has been shown to have antiproliferative and anticomplement activities, as well as a pharmacokinetic profile that is similar to epinephrine. It has been shown to induce autophagy in prostate cancer cells and inhibit the growth of fetal bovine retinal pigment epithelium cells. The mechanism of action of cimigenol is not yet known, but it may involve hydroxyl group reactions with proteins or epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors on cell surfaces. Cimigenol also has anticancer properties that are mediated by its ability to reduce mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). CIMIGENOL- A potent acetate extract from the plant Cimicifuga foetida, which has been shown to have antiproliferative and anticomplement activities, as well as a pharmacokinetic profile that is similar to

Cycloartenol analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Gibberellic acid is a plant growth regulator, which is derived from fungal species, particularly Gibberella fujikuroi. It functions by stimulating and regulating various growth and developmental processes within plants. Gibberellic acid works through promoting cell elongation, breaking seed dormancy, and influencing enzyme production that leads to plant growth and development. Gibberellic acid is extensively utilized in agricultural and horticultural applications to enhance plant growth, improve fruit size, and increase yields. It is also employed in seed treatment to facilitate more uniform and quicker germination. Additionally, gibberellic acid is used to regulate flowering and to promote the development of certain plant species under controlled environmental conditions. This compound plays a critical role in research, providing insights into plant physiology and the hormonal interactions that govern plant development.

Natural glycoside

Prosaikogenin F is a saponin derivative, which is a bioactive compound typically derived from ginseng or related plants within the Araliaceae family. These sources are renowned for their complex saponins, known as ginsenosides, which play significant roles in traditional medicine and modern pharmacology. Prosaikogenin F exerts its effects through modulation of cellular signaling pathways, particularly those involved in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses. It can also influence apoptosis and neuroprotective mechanisms. These activities are attributed to its ability to interact with cell surface receptors and intracellular targets, altering gene expression and protein activity. The uses and applications of Prosaikogenin F are predominantly within the research sphere, where it serves as a molecule of interest in studying its potential as a therapeutic agent. Its properties are being explored for applications in managing inflammatory conditions, neurodegenerative diseases, and potentially cancer, by exploiting its modulatory effects on key biological pathways. Thus, Prosaikogenin F represents a significant focus in the advancement of novel therapeutic strategies and drug development.

Ursolic acid - 90% is a natural compound classified as a pentacyclic triterpenoid, which is derived predominantly from the waxy coating of apples, as well as other fruits and herbs such as rosemary and thyme. This highly concentrated form ensures a purity level suited for scientific research and application. Its mode of action involves multiple biochemical pathways. Ursolic acid possesses the ability to modulate signaling pathways related to inflammation and oxidative stress. It inhibits enzymes such as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, thereby reducing pro-inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, it exhibits antioxidant properties by scavenging reactive oxygen species and upregulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Ursolic acid finds extensive applications in the fields of pharmacology and biochemistry. In research settings, it is employed to explore its potential therapeutic effects in conditions like cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders. Additionally, scientists study its role in muscle atrophy prevention and its ability to enhance muscle hypertrophy, making it a subject of interest in sports science and medicine.

Neotriptophenolide is a synthetic compound that belongs to the class of bioactive alkaloids. It is derived from a rational synthesis process, leveraging advanced organic chemistry techniques to replicate and improve upon naturally occurring compounds. The mode of action of Neotriptophenolide involves specific interactions with cellular receptors and enzymes, influencing various biochemical pathways essential for cellular regulation and signaling. In terms of applications, Neotriptophenolide shows promising potential in therapeutic research, particularly in fields such as neuropharmacology and oncology. Its ability to modulate specific cellular targets makes it a candidate for developing treatments aimed at neurological disorders and certain cancers. The compound's efficacy and specificity are under investigation in preclinical models, where it demonstrates a capacity to influence key pathological processes. Further research is ongoing to fully elucidate its mechanistic pathways and optimize its pharmacokinetic properties for possible therapeutic applications.

Dehydrocostus lactone is a sesquiterpene lactone, which is a natural compound extracted from plants, notably from the roots of Saussurea lappa, a plant known for its therapeutic properties. This compound exerts its mode of action primarily through the inhibition of key inflammatory pathways, including the NF-κB pathway. By interfering with these pathways, dehydrocostus lactone can modulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects. In scientific research, it is used to explore its potential therapeutic applications, which include addressing inflammation-related disorders, cancer, and microbial infections. Its ability to demonstrate cytotoxic effects on various cancer cell lines makes it a compound of interest for oncological research. Additionally, its antibacterial and antifungal properties are being investigated for developing novel antimicrobial agents. Due to its diverse biological activities, dehydrocostus lactone is a subject of extensive study in the fields of pharmacology and biochemistry.

Inhibitor of protein synthesis and Nrf2-mediated chemoresistance

Lactone

Lactone

Carboxylic acid with ketone function

Isosteviol is a diterpenoid compound, which is a metabolite derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of stevioside, a glycoside found in the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant. Its mode of action involves modulation of various biological pathways, including anti-inflammatory and antihyperglycemic effects. These actions are attributed to its ability to interact with specific cellular targets, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and improving insulin sensitivity. The uses and applications of Isosteviol are primarily centered around its potential therapeutic benefits. Due to its antihypertensive properties, it is being researched for its ability to manage high blood pressure. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory effects have spurred interest in its use as a treatment for inflammatory conditions. The compound is also being studied for its potential in managing metabolic disorders, such as diabetes, due to its glucose-lowering effects. As research continues, Isosteviol's role in pharmacological applications may expand, offering new insights into its utility in modern medicine.

Natural glycoside

Carboxylic acid with additional oxygen functions

Natural glycoside

Ginkgolide J is a terpene lactone, which is a compound derived from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree. This compound is a part of the ginkgolides, a group of terpenoids that possess a unique chemical structure, characterized by a diterpene skeleton and a plethora of lactone moieties. Ginkgolide J, like other ginkgolides, is isolated through a multifaceted extraction process that involves the pulverization of leaves followed by solvent-based extraction and chromatography. Ginkgolide J's mode of action primarily involves its role as an antagonist of the platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent phospholipid mediator involved in various physiological processes, including inflammation and thrombogenesis. By modulating PAF receptors, Ginkgolide J can influence vascular permeability and leukocyte activation, making it a compound of interest in therapeutic research. Its uses and applications are predominantly in the realm of pharmacological and neurological research. Scientists are particularly interested in its potential applications in treating inflammatory disorders and its neuroprotective properties. Research is ongoing to explore its efficacy and safety in clinical settings, with a focus on its potential use in managing conditions such as asthma, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease.

Natural glycoside

Natural glycoside

Juvenile hormone I is a sesquiterpenoid hormone, which is an endogenous regulatory compound found in insects. Its source is primarily the corpora allata, a pair of endocrine glands associated with the insect brain. Juvenile hormone I functions by modulating the expression of specific genes involved in development, metamorphosis, and reproduction, acting through a receptor-mediated mechanism that influences the transcriptional activity of target genes. In the realm of entomology and pest management, Juvenile hormone I plays a critical role. It inhibits the progression of immature insect stages to adult forms, thereby serving as an essential factor in controlling insect population dynamics. Additionally, it is used in research to elucidate hormonal pathways and their impact on insect physiology, providing insights into both evolutionary biology and potential avenues for novel pest control strategies.

Carboxylic acid with alcohol function

Gibberellic Acid Acetoxymethyl Ester is a plant growth regulator, derived from the gibberellin family of diterpenoid acids, which is synthesized through microbiological processes involving certain fungal species like *Gibberella fujikuroi*. It acts by mimicking endogenous gibberellins, which are natural plant hormones that regulate various developmental processes. Upon application, it binds to specific receptors in plant cells, triggering a cascade of gene expressions that promote cell elongation, division, and differentiation. This compound is primarily used to enhance vegetative growth, induce seed germination, and improve fruit setting and size in a variety of crops. It is particularly effective in overcoming dormancy in seeds and tubers, as well as in increasing node elongation in plants such as grapes and cereals. Its application in agricultural research and practice is vital for optimizing yield and quality, contributing significantly to crop management strategies. Scientists explore its nuanced roles in plant growth to devise innovative solutions for agronomic challenges.

Alicyclic ketone

Aristolone is a sesquiterpene lactone, which is a type of naturally occurring organic compound. It is derived from various plant sources, predominantly from the Aristolochiaceae family. The compound exhibits its mode of action primarily through the interaction with cellular signaling pathways, influencing biological processes such as inflammation and apoptosis. Aristolone's notable bioactivity makes it a compound of interest in pharmacological research. It has been studied for its potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, offering insights into its application in therapeutic contexts. In particular, aristolone's ability to modulate signaling pathways makes it a potential candidate for drug development aiming to mitigate inflammatory responses or target malignant cells. Research on aristolone is ongoing, and its utility in the biomedical field continues to be explored, especially in the development of treatments derived from natural products. The compound’s versatility and efficacy in modulating key biological processes position it as a valuable subject for scientific investigation.

Oleuroside is a bioactive compound classified as a secoiridoid, which is derived from the leaves of the olive tree (Olea europaea). The source of oleuroside, the olive leaf, is rich in polyphenolic compounds, among which oleuropein is prominent and hydrolyzes to form oleuroside. The mode of action of oleuroside is primarily based on its antioxidant properties. It scavenges free radicals, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and protecting cells from damage. This mechanism is crucial in modulating inflammatory pathways, contributing to its potential therapeutic effects. In terms of scientific applications, oleuroside is being extensively studied for its roles in cardiovascular protection, anti-inflammatory effects, and potential anti-cancer properties. Its ability to modulate oxidative stress markers makes it a candidate for research into aging-related diseases. Additionally, its influence on various signaling pathways is under investigation for metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Given its natural origin, oleuroside also serves as a model compound in studies aiming to harness the pharmacological potential of botanical extracts.

Lanatoside C is a cardiac glycoside, which is a bioactive compound derived from the leaves of the plant Digitalis lanata. This compound exerts its effects primarily through inhibition of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase enzyme in cardiac muscle cells. By inhibiting this enzyme, Lanatoside C increases intracellular sodium levels, which indirectly leads to an increase in intracellular calcium via the sodium-calcium exchange mechanism. The elevated calcium concentrations enhance cardiac muscle contraction, thereby improving cardiac output and efficiency. In clinical and research settings, Lanatoside C is utilized for its therapeutic effects in the treatment of certain heart conditions, such as congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Its ability to strengthen heart contractions and regulate heart rate makes it valuable in managing conditions where the heart's pumping efficiency is compromised. Furthermore, Lanatoside C serves as a useful tool in pharmacological studies focused on cardiac function and the cellular processes related to ion exchange and muscle contraction.

Lactone

Acyclic terpene alcohol

Carvone is an agonist of TRPV3 found in spearmint oil. It suppresses cell proliferation in prostate cancer cells and inhibits the growth of Dermatophagoides.

Cyclic alcohol

Alicyclic hydrocarbon

Natural glycoside

Cyclic alcohol