Terpenoids

Zederone is a bioactive sesquiterpene, which is a type of terpenoid compound. It is primarily sourced from the rhizomes of several Curcuma species, particularly Curcuma zedoaria. These plants are native to regions of Asia and have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes. The mode of action of Zederone involves the modulation of various signaling pathways that are crucial in inflammatory responses and cancer cell proliferation. It is known to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting key enzymes and cytokines involved in the inflammatory process. Additionally, it has demonstrated the ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells, thereby serving as a potential therapeutic agent in oncology. Zederone is predominantly used in research settings to explore its therapeutic potential and mechanism of action in inflammatory diseases and various types of cancer. Its applications extend to studying novel drug development strategies aimed at harnessing naturally occurring compounds for reducing inflammation and combatting malignancies. Further investigations are essential to elucidate its full potential and applicability in clinical settings.

Lactone

Carboxylic acid with alcohol function

Carboxylic acid with phenol function

Natural glycoside

gamma-Terpinene is a monocyclic monoterpene hydrocarbon, which is a constituent of various essential oils derived from numerous plant sources, notably from species such as tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), and other aromatic herbs. It acts primarily through its antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging free radicals, and contributes to the overall aroma profile of essential oils. The compound is chiefly employed in the fragrance industry for its pleasant scent and is also explored in food applications as a flavoring agent due to its potential regulatory status as a food additive. Furthermore, gamma-Terpinene is the subject of ongoing research in pharmacology for its proposed antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a candidate for therapeutic use. In scientific studies, its role within essential oil blends is of interest due to its synergistic effects, which can enhance the efficacy of other phytochemicals in botanical extracts.

Ketone alcohol

Dehydroandrographolide succinate is a pharmacological agent derived from the diterpenoid lactone, andrographolide, which is found in the plant *Andrographis paniculata*. This compound exhibits its mode of action primarily by modulating inflammatory pathways, including inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These actions contribute to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Dehydroandrographolide succinate is employed in the treatment of various conditions characterized by inflammation and immune dysregulation. This includes its use in managing upper respiratory tract infections and its potential therapeutic applications in autoimmune diseases. Additionally, its role is being explored in the modulation of specific signaling pathways relevant to cancer and other chronic inflammatory conditions, making it a subject of research for targeted therapies. The compound's efficacy, safety profile, and mechanisms continue to be areas of active investigation within pharmacological and biomedical research.

Escin sodium is a phytopharmaceutical agent, which is a derivative of the saponin complex found in the seeds of the horse chestnut tree, Aesculus hippocastanum. Its mode of action involves anti-inflammatory and vasoactive processes, primarily exerted through reducing vascular permeability and increasing venous tone. These mechanisms facilitate the reduction of edema and improve venous return. Escin sodium is extensively used in the management of chronic venous insufficiency, edema, and related inflammatory conditions. The compound's therapeutic applications extend to alleviating symptoms such as swelling, pain, and heaviness in the legs. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory properties have been explored for potential use in post-operative and sports injury settings, where it aids in the reduction of localized edema and supports healing. As a subject of ongoing research, Escin sodium continues to reveal complex interactions and benefits that could be harnessed in broader clinical contexts.

Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside, which is a type of compound extracted primarily from the leaves of the Digitalis purpurea plant, also known as the common foxglove. This natural source provides digitoxin with its potent pharmacological properties. The mode of action of digitoxin involves inhibiting the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in cardiac cells. This inhibition promotes an increase in intracellular sodium levels, which subsequently increases intracellular calcium concentrations through the sodium-calcium exchange mechanism. The heightened calcium levels enhance cardiac muscle contraction, thereby improving cardiac output and efficacy. Digitoxin is primarily utilized in the management of certain cardiac conditions, particularly chronic heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Its ability to modulate heart rate and strengthen myocardial contractility makes it an important therapeutic agent in these contexts. Due to its narrow therapeutic window and potential toxicity, careful monitoring of dosage and blood serum levels is required in clinical applications.

Natural glycoside

Hotrienol is a sesquiterpene alcohol, which is a naturally occurring organic compound. It is primarily sourced from certain essential oils, such as those derived from Cypress species and various aromatic plants. These oils are obtained through steam distillation or cold pressing methods, allowing for the extraction of volatile compounds where Hotrienol is present. The mode of action of Hotrienol involves its interaction with olfactory receptors, contributing to its utility in the creation of specific fragrance profiles. Its molecular structure, with a characteristic isoprenoid arrangement, allows it to bind effectively, imparting its distinct aroma. Hotrienol is utilized predominantly in the flavor and fragrance industries due to its fresh, floral, and slightly fruity scent profile. It serves as a critical component in the formulation of perfumes, where it provides a nuanced olfactory experience. Additionally, it is incorporated into flavoring agents in the food industry to enhance the aromatic qualities of various products. Its applicability extends to research in essential oil compositions, serving as a molecular marker for botanical authentication and quality control.

Natural glycoside

Natural glycoside

Natural glycoside

Essential oil; used as flavouring agent and as a scent

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Pentacyclic triterpene; anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant & anti-ageing

Ajugarin II is a naturally occurring iridoid glycoside found in plants belonging to the genus Ajuga, which is a member of the Lamiaceae family. These plants have been traditionally used in herbal medicine and are known for their various pharmacological properties. The source of Ajugarin II is primarily the leaf and stem tissues, where it is biosynthesized as part of the plant's secondary metabolites. The mode of action of Ajugarin II involves the modulation of inflammatory pathways. It is known to inhibit the activity of key enzymes such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase, which play a critical role in the inflammation process. Additionally, Ajugarin II can scavenge free radicals, contributing to its antioxidant properties, which further support its role in anti-inflammatory activities. Ajugarin II's applications have been explored in the context of its potential therapeutic benefits as an anti-inflammatory agent. It has been the subject of research for its possible uses in treating inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Experiments have been conducted to investigate its efficacy in reducing symptoms and markers of inflammation in various model systems, which could contribute to the development of targeted therapies in the future.

Asiaticoside B is a natural saponin compound, which is extracted from the plant Centella asiatica. This compound predominantly acts through modulating collagen synthesis and activating fibroblasts, which are crucial for wound healing. Additionally, Asiaticoside B exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing inflammation at the cellular level. Extensively used in dermatology, Asiaticoside B is applied in formulations aimed at promoting skin repair and regeneration. Its ability to enhance collagen production makes it valuable in anti-aging treatments. Furthermore, due to its anti-inflammatory effects, it is also investigated for potential applications in treating inflammatory skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. In pharmacological research, Asiaticoside B continues to gain interest for its potential in developing therapeutic agents targeting wound healing and chronic inflammatory diseases.

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Acetylharpagide is a bioactive iridoid glycoside, which is derived primarily from the plant *Harpagophytum procumbens*, commonly known as Devil's Claw. This compound is typically extracted from the root and tuber parts of the plant using various solvent extraction methods, followed by purification processes to isolate the active ingredient. The mode of action of acetylharpagide involves modulation of inflammatory pathways. It is believed to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce the activity of inflammatory mediators, thereby contributing to its potential therapeutic effects. This biochemical activity may be mediated through the suppression of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are pivotal in the inflammatory cascade. The uses and applications of acetylharpagide are predominantly focused on its anti-inflammatory properties. It is being investigated in the context of treating conditions such as arthritis, tendonitis, and other inflammatory disorders. Current studies aim to elucidate its efficacy and safety profile, making it a compound of interest in pharmacological research targeting inflammation-related diseases.

Natural glycoside

Peduncloside II is a rare glucoside, a type of chemical compound, that is naturally derived from specific plant sources. The source of Peduncloside II is primarily the traditional medicinal plant, which has been utilized in various indigenous pharmacopeias, particularly in certain regions of Asia. It is isolated from plant tissues where it functions as a secondary metabolite. The mode of action of Peduncloside II involves its potential bioactivity at the cellular level, where it may interact with specific molecular pathways. Studies are ongoing to elucidate its effects on biological systems, with preliminary data suggesting that it could modulate inflammation or possess other bioactive properties. Uses and applications of Peduncloside II are predominantly within the realm of scientific research. It is of particular interest to researchers exploring new bioactive compounds for drug discovery and development. The compound's unique structure and potential bioactivities make it a candidate for further study in pharmacological and biochemical research to better understand its full range of biological effects.

Lactone

Natural glycoside

Alicyclic hydrocarbon

Natural glycoside

8(17)13-Labdadiene-15,18-diol is a diterpenoid compound, which is derived from the hybrid plant Xcupressocyparis leylandii, commonly known as Leyland cypress. This compound belongs to the labdane-type diterpenes, which are known for their diverse biological activities. The source, Xcupressocyparis leylandii, is a fast-growing evergreen tree often used in horticulture. The mode of action of 8(17)13-Labdadiene-15,18-diol is associated with its structural properties that allow it to interact with various biological pathways. While specific mechanisms in plants or potential therapeutic contexts remain under investigation, compounds of this class are typically examined for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and allelopathic activities. In terms of applications, beyond its relevance to scientific research exploring plant biochemistry and potential medicinal properties, 8(17)13-Labdadiene-15,18-diol might contribute to studies on plant resistance, pest management, and ecological interactions. It holds promise for future applications in both pharmacognosy and sustainable agriculture when further characterized.

Natural glycoside

Secondary plant metabolite with antimicrobial properties produced in response to plant infection and exposure to UV light. This diterpenoid phytoalexin is found only in rice (Oryza sativa) and moss (Hypnum plumaeforme).

Lactone

Lactone

Alicyclic ketone

Ursolic acid acetate is a natural triterpenoid compound, which is derived from the acetylation of ursolic acid. This compound is sourced from a variety of medicinal plants, including apples, rosemary, and holy basil. Its mode of action involves modulating multiple cellular pathways, including the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). These actions contribute to its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. Ursolic acid acetate is utilized extensively in biomedical research to explore its therapeutic potential. It is investigated for its ability to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, reduce oxidative stress, and mitigate inflammation. Additionally, this compound is studied for its effects on metabolic health, including its role in combating obesity and improving insulin sensitivity. Scientists employ this compound in a variety of experimental models to better understand its pharmacodynamics and potential applications in disease prevention and treatment.

Xylopic acid is a bioactive compound, which is a diterpenoid isolated from the plant species Xylopia aethiopica. This compound is derived primarily from the fruits of the plant, often referred to as the African pepper or grains of Selim. Xylopic acid exhibits its mode of action by interacting with various biological pathways, including anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial processes, as well as modulating specific cellular receptors and enzymatic activities. The compound is of significant interest in medicinal chemistry due to its potential therapeutic applications. Researchers are exploring its uses in treating conditions associated with inflammation, microbial infections, and pain management. Additionally, its potential role in cancer therapy is being examined due to its ability to regulate apoptotic pathways in cancer cells. Xylopic acid’s diverse range of biological activities positions it as a promising candidate for drug discovery and development in natural product-based medicine.

(-)-Perillaldehyde is a naturally occurring organic compound, classified as a monoterpenoid aldehyde. It is primarily found in the essential oils of plants like Perilla frutescens and various citrus species. Its molecular structure consists of a distinctive cyclohexene ring, which contributes to its reactivity and interaction with biological targets. The mode of action of (-)-Perillaldehyde is attributed to its ability to interfere with microbial cell membranes, leading to increased permeability and subsequent microbial inhibition. This makes it a valuable component in formulations requiring antimicrobial properties. Its olfactory properties also interact with olfactory receptors, harnessing its use in flavor and fragrance applications. (-)-Perillaldehyde is utilized extensively in the flavor industry to impart a fresh citrus aroma to food and beverages, often in formulations requiring natural additives. It also functions as a precursor in the synthesis of more complex organic compounds in chemical industries. Furthermore, owing to its antimicrobial features, it is incorporated into products requiring preservation or sanitization. Researchers continue to explore its potential in pharmaceuticals, advancing its reputation as a multifaceted compound.

Betulinic acid analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Acetic acid ester

Harpagide is a bioactive compound classified as an iridoid glycoside, which is extracted primarily from the roots of the plant *Harpagophytum*, commonly known as the "devil’s claw." This compound plays a significant role in the plant's secondary metabolism, contributing to its defense mechanisms. The mode of action of harpagide is centered around its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is believed to inhibit the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators through modulation of the arachidonic acid pathway and suppression of the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes. Additionally, it exhibits antioxidant activities that further support its therapeutic effects. Harpagide has garnered attention in the scientific community for its potential use in managing inflammatory conditions, particularly osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Its pharmacological profile suggests applications in reducing pain and improving joint function. The compound is often explored for integration into pharmaceutical formulations that target systemic inflammation, with ongoing research into its bioavailability and efficacy.

Natural glycoside

Natural glycoside

Isoforskolin is a forskolin derivative diterpenoid, which is extracted from the roots of *Coleus forskohlii*. This bioactive compound acts primarily by stimulating adenylate cyclase activity, leading to increased levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) within cells. The elevated cAMP serves as a secondary messenger that can modulate various physiological responses, including lipolysis and vasodilation. Isoforskolin's ability to elevate cAMP levels makes it a compound of interest in several research domains, such as metabolic studies, cardiovascular research, and signal transduction analysis. Scientists have utilized isoforskolin to explore its effects on metabolic functions, investigating its potential role in energy expenditure and fat metabolism. Furthermore, its vasodilatory properties attract attention in cardiovascular research, where it may help elucidate mechanisms related to blood pressure regulation. While further studies are needed to fully understand its pharmacodynamics and therapeutic potential, isoforskolin remains an intriguing subject for researchers interested in natural compounds with significant biochemical activity.

Natural glycoside

Cucurbitacin B analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.