Terpenoids

Isoescin IB is a saponin compound derived from the seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum, commonly known as horse chestnut. It belongs to a class of natural products known for their potential therapeutic properties. The source of Isoescin IB, the horse chestnut tree, is widely studied for its bioactive compounds that have been used in traditional medicine. The mode of action of Isoescin IB is primarily its ability to reduce inflammation through the modulation of vascular permeability and inhibition of the enzymatic pathways involved in the inflammatory response. This saponin also exhibits effects on microcirculation, enhancing capillary resistance and overall vascular health. Isoescin IB finds applications in treating conditions associated with chronic venous insufficiency, such as varicose veins and hemorrhoids, due to its vascular protective effects. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory properties make it a candidate for further research in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. As a subject of various pharmacological studies, Isoescin IB represents an intriguing compound for scientists exploring plant-based therapeutic agents and their mechanisms of action in vascular and inflammatory health.

Natural glycoside

Aromatic hydrocarbon

Methyl lucidenate P is a natural triterpenoid compound, which is derived from various species of the Ganoderma fungus, particularly Ganoderma lucidum, known commonly as reishi or lingzhi. This compound is structurally characterized by the presence of a methyl ester group, contributing to its unique biochemical properties. Methyl lucidenate P acts by interfering with several cellular pathways, including apoptosis induction and angiogenesis inhibition, which are crucial for its potential anticancer activities. It disrupts cell proliferation and promotes programmed cell death in various cancer cell lines. In research settings, Methyl lucidenate P is investigated for its therapeutic applications, mainly focusing on its efficacy in cancer treatment strategies. Its mode of targeting cell proliferation and survival pathways is also being explored for possible synergistic effects with existing chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, the compound's role as an anti-inflammatory agent is under study, offering insights into broader pharmacological benefits. It's crucial for ongoing research to further elucidate the full spectrum of biological activities and optimize its therapeutic index for potential clinical applications.

Danshenxinkun A is a herbal compound, which is derived from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza, commonly known as Danshen. This product utilizes the bioactive constituents of the plant, primarily focusing on its polyphenolic compounds. The mode of action involves modulating various biological pathways, including antioxidant activity, vasodilation, and anti-inflammatory responses, which contribute to enhanced cardiovascular function. The primary applications of Danshenxinkun A are in the realm of cardiovascular health, where it is employed to improve blood flow and support overall heart function. Researchers have explored its potential in mitigating conditions such as coronary heart disease and hypertension, owing to its capacity to influence vascular homeostasis and protect against oxidative stress. Ongoing studies continue to elucidate its specific mechanisms and therapeutic potential, contributing to the broader understanding of herbal interventions in modern medicine.

Carboxylic acid with alcohol function

Carboxylic acid with alcohol function

Lactone

Lactone

Lactone

Volvalerenic acid is a sesquiterpene compound, which is a naturally occurring organic constituent found in the roots of Valeriana species, particularly Valeriana officinalis. This compound is primarily obtained through the extraction of these roots utilizing organic solvents and further chromatographic purification methods. The mode of action of volvalerenic acid is largely associated with its interaction with the central nervous system. It acts on the GABAergic system, specifically enhancing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, which are known to play a crucial role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. By modulating these receptors, volvalerenic acid may exhibit sedative and anxiolytic effects, thereby influencing stress and anxiety levels. Volvalerenic acid finds its primary applications in the research of herbal remedies for neurological disorders. It serves as an important compound in the study of natural anxiolytics and sedatives, offering insights into alternative therapeutic strategies for conditions such as anxiety and insomnia. Its efficacy and safety profile are subjects of ongoing scientific investigation, making it a prominent focus in pharmacological and phytochemical studies.

Cyclic alcohol

Carboxylic acid with additional oxygen functions

Lactone

Ponicidin is a natural product, which is a diterpenoid compound derived from the plant *Isodon rubescens*. It exhibits a mode of action characterized by its ability to interfere with cellular processes through apoptosis induction and inhibition of cell proliferation. This occurs via the modulation of specific signaling pathways, including the suppression of NF-κB activity and the promotion of caspase activation. The primary applications of Ponicidin are in the fields of antiviral and anticancer research. In oncology, it has shown potential in inhibiting the growth of various tumor cell lines, including those of lung, liver, and breast cancers. By promoting apoptotic pathways and interfering with cancer cell cycle regulation, Ponicidin provides valuable insights into therapeutic interventions. Additionally, its antiviral properties make it a candidate for studying the inhibition of viral replication, providing a base for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics. Overall, Ponicidin is an essential compound in the exploration of naturally derived agents with significant therapeutic potential in both virus-related and oncological pathologies.

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Natural glycoside

Demethoxydeacetoxypseudolaric acid B is a potent bioactive compound, which is a natural diterpenoid isolated from the plant Pseudolarix amabilis, also known as the golden larch. This compound is part of a class of structurally intricate molecules characterized by their tricyclic diterpenoid structures, specific to this botanical source. The mode of action of demethoxydeacetoxypseudolaric acid B primarily involves the disruption of microtubule assembly, a mechanism critical for its antifungal activity. By interfering with the polymerization of tubulin proteins, it effectively hinders cellular functions dependent on the microtubule network, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in susceptible fungal cells. Utilized extensively in scientific research, demethoxydeacetoxypseudolaric acid B has shown promise in pharmacological studies due to its selective activity against fungal pathogens, offering insights into developing novel antifungal strategies. Moreover, its unique mode of action makes it a valuable tool for studying microtubule dynamics in cellular biology, providing researchers with a means to explore cellular processes and potential therapeutic targets across various diseases. This compound represents a significant intersection of natural product chemistry and molecular biology, underscoring the therapeutic potential inherent in plant-derived compounds.

Albiflorin is a bioactive compound, which is a monoterpene glucoside extracted from the roots of Paeonia species, specifically Paeonia lactiflora. Its primary mechanism of action involves the modulation of neurotransmitter systems, including serotonergic, dopaminergic, and GABAergic pathways. Such interactions are believed to underpin its effects on neural activity and psychological states. Albiflorin has gained attention for its potential therapeutic applications in the field of neuroscience and psychopharmacology. It exhibits anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects, making it a subject of interest for addressing mood disorders. Research suggests that its influence on neurotransmitter balance may also contribute to neuroprotective roles, thus offering potential for broader neurological applications. Further studies are being conducted to validate these uses and explore additional pharmacological benefits in various clinical settings.

Natural glycoside

Cyclic alcohol

Cineole, often referred to as eucalyptol, is a monoterpenoid and a cyclic ether that represents a key constituent of certain essential oils. It is primarily sourced from the leaves of Eucalyptus species, but also found in smaller quantities within other aromatic plants such as rosemary, sage, and tea tree. Cineole exerts its effects through a multifaceted mode of action, acting predominantly as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent. This is achieved by disrupting the lipid membrane of microbial pathogens, leading to their destabilization and eventual demise. Additionally, cineole modulates inflammatory pathways by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby ameliorating symptoms associated with inflammation. Cineole's applications are diverse within scientific domains, primarily utilized for its therapeutic properties. It is extensively studied for respiratory health, serving as a mucolytic to aid in clearing airway obstructions. Furthermore, its antimicrobial capacity makes it a valuable subject of research in developing treatments for infections. Within pharmacological and clinical settings, cineole is investigated for its potential in managing chronic conditions such as asthma and sinusitis, highlighting its significance in advancing medical science and contributing to a deeper understanding of phytochemical benefits.

Gnidimacrin is a natural diterpenoid ester, which is derived from the plant genus *Gnidia*. It is known for its intricate molecular structure and potent biological activities. As a plant-derived compound, it is sourced primarily from the shrubs native to Africa and Asia, belonging to the Thymelaeaceae family. The mode of action of Gnidimacrin involves the inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC), a critical enzyme in several cellular signaling pathways. By targeting PKC, Gnidimacrin disrupts processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis, making it particularly useful in scientific investigations of cellular mechanisms related to cancer and viral infections. Gnidimacrin is primarily used in the field of biomedical research, with applications in studying its potential antiviral and anticancer effects. Scientists explore its capability in affecting various cancer cell lines and its potential in inhibiting the replication of certain viruses. The compound continues to be a subject of intense study, with ongoing research aimed at elucidating its full therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms of action.

Medicagenic acid analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Alicyclic ketone

Carboxylic acid with additional oxygen functions

Aromatic ether

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

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Flavour and scent of grapefruit

Natural glycoside

Echinocystic acid analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration.

Digoxin and its derivatives are the most widely used as cardiac glycosides. Digoxin is isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, and has pharmacokinetic properties that are intermediate between digitoxin and the short acting strophanthus glycosides. Digoxin is regarded as the drug of choice for the treatment of congestive heart failure as its main assets are the rapid onset of action, good absorption ratio and the medium half-life which makes toxic reactions easier to manage (Albrecht, 1999).

Herbal tasting plant metabolite from tarragon; anaesthetic and vasodilator

Natural glycoside

Ginsenoside Rb1 - 94% is a bioactive compound, which is a major ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng, a plant species with a long history of medicinal use. It is extracted through meticulous processes to ensure high purity, focusing on the retention of its bioactive properties. The mode of action of Ginsenoside Rb1 primarily involves modulating multiple signaling pathways, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways. It interacts with various cellular receptors and enzymes, influencing cellular metabolism and regulatory processes. This compound is known to exert neuroprotective effects, enhance cognitive function, and promote cardiovascular health by balancing lipid profiles and reducing oxidative stress. The uses and applications of Ginsenoside Rb1 are diverse, encompassing research on its efficacy in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, as well as metabolic disorders like diabetes. Additionally, its roles in reducing fatigue, enhancing immune functions, and protecting against oxidative stress make it a valuable subject in both clinical and pharmacological research. Scientists continue to explore its full potential, seeking to harness its benefits for developing novel therapeutic strategies.

Pseudolaric acid B is a diterpenoid acid, which is isolated from the roots and bark of the Pseudolarix amabilis, a tree native to China. This compound exhibits a complex mode of action, primarily disrupting microtubule dynamics, which interferes with cell division. Pseudolaric acid B targets the polymerization of tubulin, thereby inhibiting mitotic spindle formation and leading to cell cycle arrest. Its bioactivity has been extensively studied for its potential applications in both anti-fungal and anti-cancer therapies. In the context of cancer research, pseudolaric acid B is of particular interest due to its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in tumor cells. As an anti-fungal agent, it has been shown to possess efficacy against various pathogenic fungi, offering potential utility in agricultural contexts as well. The multi-faceted mechanisms of action and broad application possibilities make Pseudolaric acid B a subject of ongoing research in pharmacology and biotechnology.

Natural glycoside

Natural glycoside

A diterpenoid from Chinese medicinal plant Rabdosia rubescens with anti-inflammatory activity. It is a potent inhibitor of NF-κB and MAPK activation and suppresses the release of proinflammatory cytokines. It is also a covalent inhibitor of NLRP3, a sensor component of NLRP3 inflammasome. In a rodent model for cerebral amyloidosis, oridonin effectively prevented neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s disease-associated neuropathological changes. It reduced numbers of amyloid-β plaques in mice brain and reversed behaviour and social impairment.

Manool is a diterpene compound, which is derived from natural plant sources, predominantly from the essential oils of certain coniferous trees. It exhibits a unique cyclic structure and is classified within the group of labdane diterpenes. Manool is extracted through steam distillation of the plant material followed by purification processes to isolate its active form. The mode of action of Manool involves multiple pathways, as it interacts with various biological targets. It is known for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The precise mechanisms include disruption of microbial cell membranes, modulation of inflammatory mediators, and neutralization of free radicals. These pathways underscore its potential as a multifaceted agent in biochemical applications. In terms of uses and applications, Manool is extensively studied for its potential therapeutic benefits. It is utilized in pharmacological research aimed at developing treatments for infections, inflammatory conditions, and oxidative stress-related diseases. Additionally, due to its pleasant aromatic profile, Manool finds applications in the fragrance industry and as a biopesticide in agriculture. Researchers continue to explore its potential in various domains, capitalizing on its rich bioactivity spectrum.

Natural glycoside

Acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound