Steroids Bile Salts

Cholic acid sodium salt is a bile acid sodium salt, which is primarily derived from the bile of mammals. It functions as a surfactant that facilitates the emulsification of fats and lipids, enhancing their subsequent absorption and digestion. This compound plays a critical role in the synthesis and regulation of cholesterol in the body. Its applications are diverse, primarily within biochemical and pharmaceutical research. Researchers utilize cholic acid sodium salt to study lipid metabolism, investigate biliary function, and develop drug delivery systems that target lipid-based therapeutic pathways. Due to its function as a natural emulsifying agent, it is an essential component in the study of micelle and liposome formation. This compound further aids in the exploration of the mechanistic pathways of cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis, therefore playing a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of lipid-related disorders and their potential treatments.

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (90%) is a bile acid derivative, which is synthesized from ursodeoxycholic acid and taurine. This compound acts as a chemical chaperone, facilitating protein folding and mitigating endoplasmic reticulum stress. It stabilizes hydrophobic interactions and enhances protein solubility, thereby contributing to cellular homeostasis. The mode of action of tauroursodeoxycholic acid involves its ability to prevent protein aggregation, aiding in the management of protein misfolding diseases. It is commonly studied for its neuroprotective properties and potential therapeutic applications in conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, it has roles in modulating apoptosis and autophagy pathways, making it a molecule of interest in cellular biology research. This compound is utilized extensively in scientific studies exploring mechanisms of cell protection and survival, as well as in the development of therapeutic strategies for diseases associated with protein misfolding and aggregation. Its multifaceted applications in biological systems make it an invaluable tool for advancing research in cellular and molecular biology.

Sodium deoxycholate is a bile acid salt, which is a compound derived from the natural bile acids found in the mammalian intestines. It functions primarily as a detergent with the ability to disrupt lipid membranes and solubilize fats and proteins due to its amphipathic nature. The source of sodium deoxycholate is cholic acid, which is typically extracted from bovine bile. Its mode of action involves the integration into lipid bilayers, leading to the disruption of membrane structure. This property is widely utilized in cell lysis protocols, where sodium deoxycholate facilitates the breakdown of cell membranes to release intracellular components. Additionally, it enhances protein extraction and can be used for the isolation of membrane proteins. In pharmaceutical formulations, sodium deoxycholate acts as a solubilizing agent, improving the bioavailability of certain drugs. Due to these properties, sodium deoxycholate finds applications in various scientific fields, including molecular biology for cell lysis and protein extraction, as well as in the formulation of certain injectable drugs. It is also employed in research studying lipid interactions and membrane dynamics.

Glycocholic acid is a conjugated bile acid, which is derived from the liver synthesis of bile acids conjugated with glycine. Primarily sourced from cholesterol metabolism, glycocholic acid plays an integral role in the emulsification and absorption of dietary fats. Its mode of action involves the reduction of surface tension within the gut, allowing lipids to form micelles, thus facilitating their transport through the intestinal mucosa. In addition to its critical function in fat metabolism, glycocholic acid also participates in the solubilization and transport of lipophilic molecules and certain vitamins. Its ability to form micelles extends its application to experiments requiring solubilization of hydrophobic compounds. Glycocholic acid is frequently utilized in biochemical research to study membrane dynamics and protein interactions with bile acids. With its physiological and experimental significance, glycocholic acid continues to be an essential molecule in both biological and chemical studies.

Sodium taurodeoxycholate monohydrate is a bile salt, which is a biochemical compound derived from the conjugation of bile acids with taurine. This compound is sourced from bovine bile, where it functions as a surfactant in the digestive system by emulsifying fats, thereby facilitating their absorption in the intestine. The mode of action of sodium taurodeoxycholate monohydrate involves disrupting lipid bilayers, which contributes to its capacity to solubilize lipophilic molecules. This property makes it an essential tool in laboratory settings for cell lysis and membrane protein extraction, where it assists in maintaining protein function and structure during isolation. Sodium taurodeoxycholate monohydrate is widely used in biochemical research and applications. It plays a critical role in in vitro studies involving enzyme activity assays and drug delivery systems due to its ability to modify membrane permeability and stabilize emulsions. In cell culture and molecular biology, it aids in the study of membrane dynamics and protein structure-function relationships.

Cholic acid is a primary bile acid, which is derived from cholesterol in the liver through a series of enzymatic reactions. This bile acid plays a critical role in the digestion and absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins by emulsifying lipids, thus increasing their surface area for action by pancreatic lipases. The source of cholic acid is endogenous, as it is synthesized in hepatocytes, although it can also be isolated from bile and used as a therapeutic agent. One of its key modes of action involves the formation of micelles, which are essential for lipid absorption in the intestine. Cholic acid also regulates bile acid synthesis through a feedback mechanism involving specific nuclear receptors. Cholic acid is utilized in the treatment of bile acid synthesis disorders and peroxisomal disorders that result in the accumulation of atypical bile acids. It has therapeutic applications in managing conditions like bile acid malabsorption and certain types of liver disease where normal bile acid production is impaired. Beyond its clinical applications, cholic acid is also used in research to study lipid metabolism and liver function.

Glycodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid derivative, which is synthesized in the liver from cholesterol. It functions primarily as a signaling molecule with multiple physiological roles in the human body. This compound is conjugated, enhancing its solubility and facilitating its transport within the gastrointestinal tract. Glycodeoxycholic acid acts as an agonist for specific receptors such as the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), playing a vital role in the regulation of bile acid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis. Researchers utilize Glycodeoxycholic acid in various studies related to metabolic disorders, liver diseases, and the gut microbiome. Its ability to modulate important signaling pathways makes it a valuable tool in understanding diseases like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cholesterol gallstone disease. Moreover, it provides insights into drug interactions and the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting bile acid receptors. Overall, Glycodeoxycholic acid is pivotal in elucidating complex biological processes and advancing biomedical research.

Ursodeoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid, which is derived from the metabolism of primary bile acids by intestinal bacteria. It modifies the composition of bile and reduces the absorption of cholesterol in the gastrointestinal tract by decreasing the cholesterol saturation of bile. This leads to a solubilization of cholesterol gallstones, making it an essential therapeutic agent in the management of cholesterol gallstone disease. In clinical applications, Ursodeoxycholic acid is primarily used to treat cholestatic liver diseases, such as primary biliary cholangitis. It works by decreasing the cytotoxicity of bile acids and promoting bile flow. Additionally, it can improve liver enzyme levels and reduce the progression of liver fibrosis. Its hydrophilic nature and protective action on hepatocytes make it a key therapeutic option for certain hepatobiliary disorders. As a well-studied compound, its mechanistic effects are backed by both clinical and biochemical research, offering insights into its potential applications beyond conventional treatments.

Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt is a bile acid derivative, which is an important component of the bile produced in the liver. It originates from the metabolism and conjugation of chenodeoxycholic acid with glycine, a process that occurs in the liver. This compound plays a significant role in the emulsification and solubilization of dietary fats, which facilitates their absorption in the intestines. The sodium salt form is utilized in scientific research to study various aspects of liver metabolism and digestion. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt acts by participating in micelle formation, which is crucial for the absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. It also influences the regulation of cholesterol levels by modulating its synthesis and absorption. In research applications, Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt is used to explore the mechanisms of bile acid transport and signaling pathways. It serves as a key molecule in studies investigating metabolic disorders and liver diseases, providing insights into potential therapeutic strategies for conditions such as cholestasis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Bile acid derivative; fat solubilizer

Glycocholic acid, sodium salt hydrate is a bile acid derivative, which is primarily derived from cholesterol in the liver. It is formed by the conjugation of cholic acid with the amino acid glycine. This compound acts primarily as a detergent in the digestive system, aiding in the emulsification and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. In scientific research, glycocholic acid, sodium salt hydrate is utilized extensively as a standard for bile acid assays. It plays a crucial role in studies involving lipid metabolism, enterohepatic circulation, and the disruption of lipid bilayers. This compound is also employed in investigating the solubilization properties of bile acids and their interactions with pharmaceutical compounds. Through these applications, it aids in the development of drug delivery systems and in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of bile acid-related pathologies.

Biological detergent; assists drug and vaccine delivery

Allodeoxycholic acid is a synthetic bile acid, which is derived from the chemical modification of naturally occurring bile acids. These compounds are typically sourced from biological transformations or chemical synthesis, allowing precise structural alterations that enhance their therapeutic properties. The mode of action of allodeoxycholic acid primarily involves modulating bile acid pathways and improving bile flow. It acts on the liver by influencing the expression of nuclear receptors and modifying bile acid composition, promoting detoxification processes, and reducing hepatic inflammation. This helps in preserving liver function and alleviating symptoms associated with various liver disorders. Allodeoxycholic acid is utilized in clinical settings for the management of cholestatic liver diseases and other hepatobiliary disorders. Its application is relevant in conditions where bile acid homeostasis is disrupted, such as primary biliary cholangitis or primary sclerosing cholangitis. By restoring normal bile flow and reducing liver injury, allodeoxycholic acid offers a potent therapeutic approach for patients suffering from chronic liver conditions, thereby contributing to improved clinical outcomes.

Glycocholic Acid Hydrate is an ionic bile acid conjugate, which is derived from the oxidation of cholesterol in the liver. It belongs to the class of bile acids that facilitate the emulsification and absorption of dietary fats. The compound is synthesized through a combination of liver metabolism and subsequent conjugation with glycine. With its unique ability to form mixed micelles, Glycocholic Acid Hydrate enhances the solubility of lipophilic compounds, playing a crucial role in lipid digestion and cholesterol homeostasis. In the realm of biochemical research, Glycocholic Acid Hydrate is widely employed to study the mechanisms of bile acid transport, signaling, and metabolism. It helps elucidate the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and their impact on lipid absorption. Furthermore, this compound finds applications in pharmaceutical formulations, particularly in improving the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Researchers utilize Glycocholic Acid Hydrate as a model compound to investigate intestinal absorption and the effects of bile acids on drug delivery systems. Its efficacy in mimicking physiological conditions makes it invaluable for in vitro and in vivo studies focusing on gastrointestinal physiology and related therapeutic interventions.

3-Oxo-12α-hydroxy-5β-cholanoic acid is a bile acid derivative, which is a type of steroid acid found naturally in bile. Bile acids, such as this compound, are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol and play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of lipids in the small intestine. The mode of action of 3-Oxo-12α-hydroxy-5β-cholanoic acid involves interaction with cellular receptors and enzymes to regulate cholesterol metabolism, bile flow, and lipid absorption. By binding to specific nuclear receptors, it influences gene expression related to these metabolic pathways. This compound is predominantly used in research settings to study its effects on liver function, cholesterol metabolism, and gastrointestinal health. It serves as a tool in understanding the physiological and pathological roles of bile acids in various diseases, such as cholestasis, liver disease, and metabolic disorders. Scientists utilize this compound to decipher intricate biochemical pathways and explore potential therapeutic targets for conditions associated with bile acid dysregulation.

Glycohyodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid derivative, which is synthesized from hyodeoxycholic acid in the liver. It is a naturally occurring compound found in certain animal sources, particularly in the bile of pigs. The mode of action of glycohyodeoxycholic acid involves its role in the emulsification and absorption of dietary fats, contributing to the digestion process. Additionally, as a bile acid, it is involved in cholesterol metabolism and regulation within the liver. This compound has garnered scientific interest due to its potential therapeutic applications in treating liver diseases, such as cholestatic liver disorders. The use of glycohyodeoxycholic acid is being explored for its ability to modulate bile flow and improve liver function. Researchers are also investigating its potential protective effects against liver injury and its influence on cholesterol homeostasis, making it a candidate for further study in the context of metabolic and hepatic conditions.

Glycochenodeoxycholic acid is a conjugated bile acid, which is derived from the amino acid glycine and chenodeoxycholic acid, a primary bile acid synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. It primarily acts as a detergent, aiding in the emulsification and absorption of dietary fats in the small intestine by forming micelles with lipids. In terms of its mode of action, glycochenodeoxycholic acid facilitates the breakdown and transport of lipids, enhances the solubility of cholesterol, and promotes the activation of nuclear receptors that play crucial roles in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid is widely used in scientific research to study bile acid physiology, cholesterol metabolism, and the enterohepatic circulation. It serves as a valuable tool in investigating liver function and related metabolic disorders, as well as in drug delivery systems where bile acid derivatives are employed to enhance the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Its role in signaling pathways also makes it a compound of interest in the context of metabolic diseases and cellular signaling studies.

Chenodeoxycholic acid is a human primary bile acid which is also found the bile of geese. Its C-7 epimer, Ursodeoxycholic acid is found in bear’s bile. Both bile acids are used for the treatment of gallstones, although Ursodeoxycholic acid has shown superior efficacy (bear’s bile extracts are also used in Chinese medicine).

Sodium taurocholate is a bile salt. Bile salts are used in microbiological culture media. A major use is in clinical microbiology to selectively grow faecal staphylococci and streptococci. Used as anionic detergent for solubilization of proteins, bilirubin, phospholipids and others.

Biological detergent; assists drug and vaccine delivery

Taurochenodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid derivative, which is a conjugated form of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is sourced from the bile of mammals, specifically as a conjugate of taurine and chenodeoxycholic acid. This compound participates in the emulsification of dietary fats, which is crucial for lipid digestion and absorption. Additionally, it contributes to the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis by modulating bile acid pool sizes and is involved in signaling pathways that affect lipid metabolism. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid is primarily used in scientific research to study bile acid metabolism and its effects on liver function, lipid regulation, and potential anti-inflammatory actions. Its applications extend to the investigation of its role in liver diseases and disorders related to cholesterol metabolism, providing insights into therapeutic strategies for conditions such as cholestasis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). By bridging pathways between bile acid biology and metabolic regulation, it remains a critical focus in hepatic and metabolic research.

a murine-specific primary bile acid.  It has been shown that plasma, liver, and muscle levels of α-muricholic acid are increased in mice switched from a high-fat to low-fat diet.

Isodeoxycholic acid is a synthetic bile acid, which is a chemically modified derivative of naturally occurring bile acids. Its mode of action involves modulation of bile acid composition, which may aid in reducing bile toxicity and promoting liver health. The compound functions by interfering with the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, potentially leading to increased bile flow and enhanced liver function. Isodeoxycholic acid is primarily utilized in research examining liver diseases, particularly those related to bile acid metabolism. It offers a framework for exploring therapeutic pathways for conditions such as cholestasis, where the flow of bile from the liver is impaired. Additionally, its role in altering bile acid pools positions it as a promising agent for studying the liver's adaptive mechanisms to bile acid modulation. The research applications extend to understanding bile acid-related metabolic disorders, thus providing insights into both diagnostic and therapeutic developments.

Isolithocholic acid is a bile acid derivative, which is a secondary bile acid formed by the action of intestinal bacteria. Its source lies primarily in the microbial metabolism of primary bile acids within the digestive tract. Isolithocholic acid's mode of action involves interaction with nuclear receptors such as the Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which play critical roles in the regulation of bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism. This compound is being studied for its possible roles in modulating lipid metabolism, influencing cholesterol homeostasis, and affecting glucose regulation. Additionally, its implications in liver function and potential protective roles against certain liver diseases are of notable interest. Researchers are also exploring its effects on gut microbiota composition and potential antioxidant properties. Applications extend to pharmacological research, where its roles in metabolic disorders and intestinal biology are being investigated. Understanding the complex interactions of isolithocholic acid within biological systems can contribute to insights in therapeutic development and metabolic health.

Sodium taurolithocholate is a bile acid derivative, which is synthesized from taurine and lithocholic acid. It is derived from bile acids primarily found in the bile of mammals, where they play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of lipids. The mode of action involves its function as an emulsifying agent, disrupting lipid membranes and facilitating the micellar solubilization of lipids. This biochemical property allows it to be used extensively in physiological and pharmacological research. In scientific research, sodium taurolithocholate is primarily employed to study bile acid transport and metabolism, liver function, and the role of bile in lipid digestion. It is also utilized in investigations of cellular signaling pathways and the mechanisms of drug action and toxicity, making it a valuable tool for understanding liver diseases and disorders associated with bile acid dysregulation. By providing insights into these complex biological processes, sodium taurolithocholate contributes to the advancement of both basic and applied biomedical research.

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is a bile acid derivative, which is synthesized endogenously in the human body as a liver metabolite. It originates from the conjugation of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) with taurine, which enhances its solubility and biological activity. TUDCA functions primarily by inhibiting apoptosis and reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress within cells. It achieves this by mitigating the accumulation of misfolded proteins and enhancing proper protein folding, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis. Taurioursodeoxycholic acid is commonly employed in research focused on hepatoprotection, as it has demonstrated efficacy in ameliorating liver conditions such as cholestasis. Furthermore, its applications extend to studies on neurodegenerative diseases due to its cytoprotective properties, which help prevent neuronal cell death. With its broad spectrum of potential therapeutic benefits, TUDCA continues to be an area of significant interest in both basic and applied biomedical sciences.

(3a,5b,7a)-3,7-Dihydroxy-12-oxo-cholan-24-oic acid is a bile acid derivative, which is a type of naturally occurring steroid acid found predominantly in the bile of mammals. Bile acids play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of lipids in the small intestine. This compound is synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, where it functions in the emulsification of dietary fats. The mechanism of action of (3a,5b,7a)-3,7-Dihydroxy-12-oxo-cholan-24-oic acid involves the reduction of cholesterol levels by converting cholesterol into bile acids, which are then excreted. This conversion not only aids lipid digestion but also regulates cholesterol homeostasis. The compound may also interact with farnesoid X receptors (FXR), influencing liver metabolism and detoxification processes. This bile acid derivative finds applications in scientific research related to liver function, cholesterol management, and potentially in pharmacological therapy for liver diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis. Its biochemical properties allow it to serve as a substrate for investigating metabolic processes and liver health.

Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium is a bile acid derivative, which is naturally sourced from the bile of mammals. It is synthesized by conjugating chenodeoxycholic acid with taurine, resulting in its sodium salt form. The primary mode of action of taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium involves its role in the emulsification and absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the intestines. Additionally, it acts on the liver, where it enhances bile flow and exhibits hepatoprotective properties by modulating bile acid composition and reducing cytotoxicity. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium is utilized extensively in scientific research and therapeutic applications related to liver health. Its role in altering bile composition makes it valuable for studying liver diseases and cholestatic conditions. Moreover, its hepatoprotective effects are of interest in developing potential treatments for liver disorders, including primary biliary cholangitis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Researchers also explore its properties for possible benefits in metabolic and gastrointestinal studies, leveraging its biochemical activities to understand and potentially mitigate various digestive and hepatic pathologies.

Cholesterol metabolite and bile component

Glycodeoxycholic acid sodium salt is a bile acid derivative, which is a biochemical compound sourced from the metabolism of bile acids in the liver. It plays a role in bile acid signaling pathways and lipid emulsification. The mode of action involves mimicking natural bile acids, facilitating the emulsification and absorption of dietary fats in the gastrointestinal tract, and potentially participating in signaling pathways that regulate cholesterol metabolism. This compound is utilized in various research applications, notably in studies focused on lipid metabolism, absorption, and bile acid transport processes. Researchers may explore its effects on cholesterol homeostasis, its role in metabolic disorders, and its potential influence on drug transport and metabolism. Its properties make it a valuable tool for elucidating mechanisms of bile acid-related signaling and its implications in health and disease.

Bile salts are intestinal natural detergents, their main function is to act as detergent in the digestive processes. The major action of a bile salt is to emulsify fats and oils. Bile salts are used in bacteriological culture media as selective inhibitory agent. Enteric bacteria are resistant to the bactericidal effects of bile salts. Anionic detergent used for isolation of membrane proteins including inner mitochondrial membrane proteins.

Glycoursodeoxycholic acid sodium salt is a synthetic bile acid derivative, which is the sodium salt form of glycoursodeoxycholic acid. It originates from the conjugation of ursodeoxycholic acid with glycine, forming a bile acid with enhanced solubility and potential hepatoprotective properties. Its mode of action involves modulation of bile acid pools and the stabilization of hepatocyte membranes, possibly reducing cytotoxic bile acids and improving liver function. This compound finds use in research exploring liver diseases, as it may offer insights into managing cholestatic conditions, and potentially aid in ameliorating liver injury. Additionally, its role in analyzing the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids makes it a valuable tool for scientists examining metabolic and liver-related disorders.

Allolithocholic acid is a secondary bile acid, which is derived from the microbial metabolism of primary bile acids within the intestinal tract. Its mode of action involves interactions with nuclear receptors and membrane-bound receptors that regulate various metabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis. These interactions suggest its potential to influence cholesterol levels and glycemic control. The uses and applications of Allolithocholic acid are primarily in the realm of research focused on metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and atherosclerosis. It serves as a model compound in studies examining the impact of bile acids on metabolic regulation, offering insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Moreover, its role in modulating gut microbiota compositions and functions offers further avenues for investigation, particularly concerning gastrointestinal health and related systemic effects.

Chenodeoxycholic acid is a human primary bile acid which is also found the bile of geese. Its C-7 epimer, Ursodeoxycholic acid is found in bear’s bile. Both bile acids are used for the treatment of gallstones, although Ursodeoxycholic acid has shown superior efficacy (bear’s bile extracts are also used in Chinese medicine).

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid, sodium salt is a taurine-conjugated bile acid derivative, which is synthesized in the liver from ursodeoxycholic acid. It functions through its role in stabilizing the mitochondria and inhibiting apoptosis by modulating the unfolded protein response. This molecular action involves reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby providing cytoprotective effects in various cellular environments. The compound is commonly utilized in research and experimental settings to explore its potential therapeutic implications for neurodegenerative diseases, liver disorders, and ocular conditions. Its ability to mitigate cellular stress responses and modulate apoptosis makes it a valuable tool for investigating pathways related to cellular protection and recovery. Such properties have sparked interest in its translational potential, particularly in contexts involving cellular and molecular resilience.