Nucleotides

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2-Fluoroadenosine is a nucleoside that has shown high resistance to the enzyme cyclase. This property may be due to its structural and conformational properties, which are different from those of adenosine. 2-Fluoroadenosine has been shown to inhibit the synthesis of ATP in ventricular myocardium and fat cells, as well as increase levels of adenylate kinase in blood. It has also been shown to have potential as a drug target for autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. 2-Fluoroadenosine can be used for biochemical and pharmacokinetic studies because it is rapidly metabolized by the liver and excreted in urine. 2-Fluoroadenosine can also be used to measure changes in the ratio of adenylate kinase:adenylate kinase reductase (AKAR) in blood plasma.

2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate trisodium salt is an activator that has been shown to exhibit anticancer and antiviral activities. It is a novel nucleoside phosphoramidite that is used in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and other nucleic acids. 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate trisodium salt has been modified by substituting the oxygen atom for a sulfur atom at the 5' position of the sugar moiety. This change makes it resistant to degradation by ribonucleases. 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate trisodium salt has also been shown to act as an inhibitor of human telomerase activity.

2,2'-Anhydro-L-uridine is a nucleoside used in for research purposes. It is of particular interest due to it being an L-isomer which is different from the D-form sugars used by the human body. It is useful to study these kinds of molecules for their use in medicine, especially as antivirals

5-Methylcytidine-5'-triphosphate sodium salt is a nucleoside diphosphate that is used as an activator in the synthesis of DNA. It is also used as a building block in the synthesis of anticancer agents, such as 5-methylcytosine monophosphate and phosphoramidites. The chemical name for this product is 5-methylcytidine-5'-triphosphate sodium salt and its CAS number is 327174-86-7. This product is available for purchase at Sigma Aldrich with a purity of 99%.

Deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt (DNA) is a linear polymer made up of nucleotide subunits. It is the genetic material of most living organisms and plays a role in the storage, retrieval, and transmission of information. DNA is susceptible to attack by electrophilic agents such as aldehydes and nitroaldol, which can lead to the formation of DNA strand breaks. DNA from salmon testes can be used in commercial production of veterinary vaccines.

S-(5'-Adenosyl)-L-homocysteine dihydrate is the active form of homocysteine. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of HL-60 cells and induce apoptosis in these cells. S-(5'-Adenosyl)-L-homocysteine dihydrate binds to dsDNA as a methyltransferase inhibitor, which leads to DNA methylation and inhibits DNA binding. The inhibition of DNA binding prevents transcription, leading to cell death. This drug has also been shown to have an anti-atherosclerotic effect in a model system by inhibiting the adenosine receptor.

2'-Deoxy-5'-O-DMT-2'-fluorouridine is a medicament that belongs to the group of antineoplastic agents and is used in cancer treatment. It inhibits the synthesis of DNA by inhibiting the enzyme thymidylate synthetase, which is required for the formation of thymine nucleotides. This drug has been shown to be effective against some cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, but not all. 2'-Deoxy-5'-O-DMT-2'-fluorouridine can also inhibit terminal growth phases and induce programmed cell death. Solid phase synthesis has been used to synthesize this molecule as a phosphoramidite.

Cytidine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt (CMPDS) is a prodrug that is converted to cytidine 5'-monophosphate, an active form, in the acidic environment of cancer cells. CMPDS has been shown to inhibit the growth of squamous carcinoma and other solid tumours by binding to survivin, which regulates cell growth and apoptosis. CMPDS also inhibits the activity of matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9), an enzyme that promotes tumor growth by breaking down connective tissue. This drug can be used as a therapeutic agent for treatment of congestive heart failure due to its ability to increase mitochondrial membrane potential and decrease myocardial infarct size.

2'-Deoxy-5-methyl-isocytidine is an analog of cytidine that is used in the synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotides. It has shown to be complementary to dsDNA and to inhibit hepatitis B virus replication in cell culture. 2'-Deoxy-5-methyl-isocytidine is synthesized by solid phase chemistry on a polystyrene support with monomers, depyrimidination, and purification by column chromatography. The chemical stability of this compound has been shown by its ability to withstand heating at 100°C for 10 minutes without decomposition.

3'-O-Acetyl-2'-deoxy-N2-isobutyrylguanosine is a modified nucleoside that can be used as an antiviral agent. It is a phosphoramidite that is activated by diphosphate and has been shown to inhibit DNA replication in vitro. 3'-O-Acetyl-2'-deoxy-N2-isobutyrylguanosine also has anticancer activity and can be used to treat leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. This high quality product is synthesized from natural deoxyribonucleosides and has a purity of > 98%.

5'-(N-Cyclopropyl)carboxamidoadenosine (5' CAPA) is a cyclic nucleotide analog. It has been shown to have photochemical properties and can be used as a fluorescent probe for the detection of DNA. 5' CAPA binds to the α subunit of RNA polymerase and inhibits transcription, which may result in reduced expression of proteins involved in growth control. Structural analysis has revealed that 5' CAPA binds to the catalytic site of the enzyme, sterically interfering with ATP binding. The inhibitory effect is reversible by removal of 5' CAPA from the reaction solution or by addition of cytosolic calcium chelators. 5' CAPA was found to have no effect on phycocyanin production by phytoplankton when added at concentrations up to 1 mM and did not affect transcription-polymerase chain reactions or regulatory processes in bacterial cells. 5'-(N-Cy

Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide sodium (NAAD) is a novel anticancer and antiviral agent. NAAD is an analog of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that has been modified to include a sodium ion. This modification inhibits the synthesis of DNA and RNA, which are required for cell division and replication. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, NAAD suppresses viral replication by inhibiting protein synthesis in cells infected with HIV-1 or influenza virus. NAAD has also been shown to be a potent inhibitor of ribonucleoside reductase, which converts ribonucleosides into deoxyribonucleosides. This inhibition prevents the conversion of diphosphate nucleotides into monophosphate nucleotides, which are necessary for DNA synthesis.

2'-O-Propargyladenosine is a modified nucleoside that belongs to the group of deoxyribonucleosides. It is an activator of viral DNA polymerases, which causes the synthesis of viral DNA to stop. This compound has antiviral and anticancer activities. 2'-O-Propargyladenosine has been shown to be effective against various human cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. It is a synthetic nucleoside with high purity, showing no detectable impurities by HPLC analysis.

6-Chloro-9-(b-D-ribofuranosyl)purine is a purine analog that inhibits the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein. It has been shown to have physiological effects in cells, and it has been used as a positive control for enzyme activity studies. 6-Chloro-9-(b-D-ribofuranosyl)purine binds to an enzyme called hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS), which inhibits the production of a molecule called tetrahydrobiopterin (THB). THB is essential for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), an important neurotransmitter that regulates neuronal death. 6-Chloro-9-(b-D-ribofuranosyl)purine also has significant cytotoxicity against melanoma cells in vitro.

AMP plays a crucial role in cellular metabolic processes, including the synthesis of RNA and the regulation of enzymes like AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)

5'-O-DMT-2'-O-methylcytidine is a monophosphate nucleoside of cytidine. It is used as an antiviral agent and has been shown to have anticancer effects in vitro. 5'-O-DMT-2'-O-methylcytidine is synthesized by modification of the natural deoxyribonucleosides, which are then phosphoramidited to form a 5'-O-DMT-2'-O-methylcytidine monophosphate. The synthesis process also produces diphosphate and triphosphate forms of the nucleoside, which can be used for other purposes.

Ribonuclesides is a novel nucleoside that contains the 2'-deoxyribose phosphate moiety. It is an anticancer drug that inhibits DNA synthesis and blocks viral replication. Ribonucleosides are phosphoramidites and can be used for the synthesis of DNA or RNA, which are important for cellular metabolism. Ribonucleosides also have antiviral properties and can inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase.

Xanthosine is a purine nucleoside that is formed from the metabolism of adenosine. Xanthosine can be phosphorylated to form xanthosine 5'-monophosphate (XMP), which has been shown to have biochemical properties and metabolic responses in vitro. The p-hydroxybenzoic acid moiety of xanthosine has been shown to have therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. It also has a role in the regulation of disease activity, as it is found at high concentrations in human serum, and regulates the proliferation of cells through its binding to nuclear proteins. Xanthosine is an important component of dinucleotide phosphate (NDP) pools that are essential for cell nuclei function. NDPs are also important for DNA synthesis and repair, as well as protein synthesis. Xanthosine 5'-monophosphate can act as a metal chelate and is used in

5'-O-DMT-N2-isobutyrylguanosine is a novel phosphoramidite monophosphate, which has been modified with an isobutyryl group. This compound was synthesized in order to be used as a nucleoside analogue and antimetabolite for the treatment of cancer. It also has antiviral properties and inhibits the replication of DNA by inhibiting transcription. 5'-O-DMT-N2-isobutyrylguanosine is an anticancer agent that can be used to treat tumors that are resistant to other chemotherapy drugs. It also inhibits the growth of cells by preventing the synthesis of proteins needed for cell division.

Cytidine-5-carboxylic acid sodium salt is a nucleoside that is used as an activator for the synthesis of phosphoramidites. It is also used in anticancer and antiviral research as a component of DNA. Cytidine-5-carboxylic acid sodium salt is available in high purity, with a monophosphate form and diphosphate forms available.

L-Thymidine is an antiviral drug that is used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis. It has been shown to be active against a range of viruses, including HIV, HSV, and HBV. L-Thymidine can also be used to treat patients with cancer as an anti-cancer agent. L-Thymidine is a prodrug that is converted into thymidine triphosphate (TTP), which inhibits viral DNA polymerase by competitive inhibition. The antiviral activity of L-Thymidine may be due to its ability to inhibit the synthesis of viral proteins required for viral replication by interfering with the protein production process or by inhibiting the formation of dsDNA during reverse transcription.

2-Azidoadenosine is a nucleoside analog of adenosine, where the 2'-hydroxyl group of the ribose sugar is replaced with an azido group (-N₃). This substitution imparts unique chemical properties, notably enabling molecules to undergo bioorthogonal reactions, such as click chemistry, which involves the cycloaddition of the azide group with alkynes.

2-Methylthio-N6-methyladenosine is an adenosine nucleoside that is found in the DNA of eukaryotes. It is similar to 2-methylthio-n6-isopentenyladenosine, which is a modified form of n6-methyladenosine. The chemical structures of both molecules are related to the thermodynamic properties of the molecule and their ability to be postsynthetically modified. These modifications can lead to changes in their translation, which can have implications for the development and progression of disease. 2-Methylthio-N6-methyladenosine has a role in epigenetics, which is defined as changes in gene expression without any alterations in DNA sequence. In this case, it may modify the chloride ion concentration by changing its chemical structure, leading to epigenetic changes that can affect how genes are expressed or translated into proteins.

2'-Deoxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrouridine (2DTHR) is a cytidine deaminase inhibitor that is used in vitro to inhibit the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). 2DTHR has been shown to be active against hepatocellular carcinoma cells. It is also reactive with tumor tissue and can be eliminated at a rate similar to that of deoxycytidine kinase. This drug binds to the enzyme target and inhibits its activity by increasing enzyme levels, which causes cell death. 2DTHR inhibits TNF production in tumor tissue by binding to cytidine deaminase and preventing conversion of cytidine into uracil. This drug has been shown to cause tumor inhibition in vitro.

1-(2'-Chloro-2'-deoxy-beta-L-arabinofuranosyl)thymine is a thymine molecule attached to a modified arabinose sugar. Scientists create and study these nucleoside analogs because they can have antiviral or anticancer properties. The changes in the sugar can affect how the molecule interacts with enzymes and other biological components.

2’-Deoxy-2’-fluorouridine 5’-monophosphate triethyl ammonium is a fluorinated nucleotide analog used in biochemical and medicinal research

5-Iodouridine is a pyrimidine nucleoside that is found in the human body. It is used as a starting material for the synthesis of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, which has been shown to have biological properties. 5-Iodouridine binds to the dna template and prevents radiation from altering it's conformation. This binding has been shown to be specific for ultraviolet (UV) radiation, with little absorption at visible wavelengths. The biological effects of 5-iodouridine are dependent on its acidic pH and hydrogen bonding ability. In vitro assays have demonstrated that this compound can inhibit prostate cancer cells from proliferating and may be useful in treating cervical cancer.

7-Deaza-2'-deoxy-7-iodoguanosine is a purine nucleoside that is synthesized from guanosine and iodine. It is used as a marker in sequencing reactions because it can be easily detected by UV light at 254 nm. 7-Deaza-2'-deoxy-7-iodoguanosine can be synthesized using the following general equation: In this reaction, the first product is 7-deazaadenosine (abbreviated as "dA"), which reacts with iodine to form 7-deazaguanosine (abbreviated as "dG"). The synthesis of 7-deazaguanosine requires an acidic environment.

4'-a-C-Methylcytidine is a nucleoside that is synthesized from 4'-a-C-methyluridine. It has antiviral and anticancer properties, and has been shown to be a potent activator of the immune system. The modified nucleosides in this compound are thought to be less toxic than other cytotoxic agents. 4'-a-C-Methylcytidine is also used as a building block for the synthesis of DNA, RNA and phosphoramidites.

1-(b-D-Arabinofuranosyl)uracil is a nucleoside analog containing uracil, a nitrogenous base found in RNA, and a β-D-Arabinofuranose sugar. This compound could be used to study its effects on DNA/RNA synthesis.

5'-Deoxythymidine is a nucleoside analog with low-energy electrons. This drug inhibits the synthesis of DNA by binding to the ribonucleotide reductase enzyme and preventing the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. 5'-Deoxythymidine has been shown to inhibit cell growth in tumor cell lines, which may be due to its ability to interfere with mirna-mediated gene expression. This drug also has a kinetic effect on regulatory proteins, such as cyclin-dependent kinases, that are involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression.

2'-O-Methylinosine is a nucleoside that is structurally related to inosine. It has been shown to induce apoptotic cell death in HIV-infected cells by inhibiting the synthesis of rRNA and by inhibiting the activity of the transcriptase enzyme. 2'-O-Methylinosine has also been shown to inhibit the replication of RNA viruses, such as herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus, and it can be used as an experimental model for studying apoptosis. 2'-O-Methylinosine can be synthesized from inosine using a chromatographic method that utilizes hydroxylamine. The chemical structure of this nucleoside is amphipathic, which allows it to bind both DNA and RNA strands.

Fialuridine 5'-monophosphate is an analog of fialuridine, a drug used to treat HIV. Fialuridine 5'-monophosphate inhibits mitochondrial DNA synthesis by inhibiting hepg2 in the mitochondria and blocks the conversion of uracil to thymine in nuclear DNA. The inhibition of these two processes prevents viral replication and cell division. Fialuridine 5'-monophosphate also has antioxidant properties that protect cells from oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species. This drug may be beneficial for cancer treatment as well as hepatitis C or herpes simplex virus infection.

2'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine is a nucleoside analog that inhibits the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, which is involved in the synthesis of DNA. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis in vivo. 2'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine has also been shown to inhibit tumor growth in animal models by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species and upregulating tumor suppressor genes, such as p53. This drug also has inhibitory effects on enzymes that are involved in cell proliferation, such as protein kinase C and tyrosine kinases. 2'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine is metabolized by water vapor, so it must be administered with a humidifier or nebulizer. 2'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine may cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

2,4-Diamino-6-hydroxypyridine sulphate is a nucleoside for use in research applications

1-(2'-Deoxy-3',5'-di-O-toluoyl-b-D-ribofuranosyl)-4-amino-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-1,3,5-triazine is a nucleoside derivative that features a modified pyrimidinone (triazine) base attached to a protected deoxyribose sugar. This molecule can be used in research.

5′-O-DMT-LNA N-dmf guanosine is a modified nucleoside that has anticancer, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities. It binds to the ribonucleotide reductase enzyme, which is an enzyme required for the production of new DNA and RNA. This binding prevents the synthesis of new DNA and RNA in cells, leading to cell death. 5′-O-DMT-LNA N-dmf guanosine has been shown to be active against cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, it also inhibits replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) by binding to reverse transcriptase (RT), which is an enzyme critical for HIV replication.