Nucleotides

2-Methylthioadenosine is a purine nucleoside which induces necrotic cell death. It is the first of its kind to be shown to have activity against squamous carcinoma cells, and is activated by nucleoside phosphorylase in order to produce its cytotoxic form. 2-Methylthioadenosine also inhibits the transcription-polymerase chain reaction and increases oxidative injury. This drug has been shown to have receptor activity in brain cells, as well as chemotactic activity for gland cells. 2-Methylthioadenosine has been used as a model organism for polymerase chain reactions, and has been shown to inhibit p2y receptors in the human colon cancer cell line HT29.

2'-Azido-2'-deoxycytidine is a nucleoside analog derived from cytidine, in which the 2'-hydroxyl group of the ribose is replaced by an azido group (-N₃), while the cytosine base and remaining sugar structure are preserved. This substitution imparts the molecule with bioorthogonal reactivity, enabling its use in chemical biology applications such as nucleic acid labeling via azide-alkyne "click" chemistry. The azido group also sterically and electronically alters sugar conformation and enzymatic recognition, which can affect its incorporation into DNA or RNA by polymerases. Consequently, 2'-azido-2'-deoxycytidine is a useful research tool.

L-Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium is a high quality, novel, modified phosphoramidite used for the synthesis of deoxyribonucleosides and nucleosides. It is also used as an antiviral agent and has anti-cancer properties. L-Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium is an activator of ribonucleoside activities and inhibits viral replication by inhibiting the enzyme RNA polymerase. It has been shown to be effective against HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), influenza A virus, and influenza B virus.

2'-Deoxy-N3-methyluridine is a nucleoside analog that is used as a substrate in the synthesis of DNA. It can be incorporated into the DNA strand by enzymes called thymidylate synthases. 2'-Deoxy-N3-methyluridine has been shown to inhibit bacterial growth in cell cultures, and it is also active against marine sponges. The protonation state of the molecule determines its hydrophobicity and can be altered by adding a test compound to the solution. Hydrophobic molecules are more likely to bind with water molecules than hydrophilic molecules, which are more soluble in water.

5'-O-DMT-N2-isobutyryl-2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)guanosine is an antiviral monophosphate nucleoside. It has been shown to be a novel, high purity, and CAS No. 251647-50-4. It is a modified nucleic acid analogue that acts as an activator of ribonucleotide reductase and DNA polymerase. The anticancer activity of this product may be due to its ability to inhibit the synthesis of diphosphate nucleotides.

N6-Ethenoadenosine is a fluorescent derivative that is used in biology to study the binding of receptor molecules to DNA. N6-Ethenoadenosine binds to the dinucleotide phosphate, which is an important component for many metabolic processes. It also has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of DNA duplexes and ATPase activity. N6-Ethenoadenosine has a glycosidic bond with p-nitrophenyl phosphate, which is a substrate of creatine kinase and can be used as an indicator of its activity. This product is also used as a marker for damaged DNA.

2-Amino-2'-deoxyadenosine is a modified nucleoside, closely related to adenosine in which the 2'-hydroxyl group is replaced by an amino group. This compound has potential research applications

2',3',5'-Tri-O-acetyluridine is a uridine derivative with potential for use in organic synthesis such as the preparation of modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and RNA analogs.

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Anti-viral; reverse transcriptase inhibitor

3'-O-Methyladenosine (3'OMeA) is a monomethylated adenosine that belongs to the group of nucleosides. It has been found to inhibit the activity of adenosine receptors, which are important for the regulation of blood pressure and central nervous system function. 3'OMeA also inhibits virus replication in human lymphocytes. 3'OMeA is synthesized by reaction with methylamine and purification by column chromatography. The molecule is a potential therapeutic target for HIV/AIDS, as it can be used as a specific agonist in order to block viral entry into cells.

Anti-viral; reverse transcriptase inhibitor

7-Deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine is an oligodeoxynucleotide analog that has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of human ovarian carcinoma cells. It inhibits the uptake of organic anion transporters, which are proteins found in the cell membrane that transport organic anions such as nucleosides and nucleotides. 7-Deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine has also been shown to inhibit DNA synthesis and polymerase chain reactions by binding to the enzyme RNA polymerase II. This drug can be synthesized with solid phase chemistry, making it a highly reproducible product.

3'-Deoxy-3'-fluoroadenosine is a potent inhibitor of the phosphodiesterase enzyme, which is an important component of many different cellular processes. It has been shown to inhibit the activity of phosphodiesterase in cell culture and in serum alanine. 3'-Deoxy-3'-fluoroadenosine also inhibits the synthesis of uridine triphosphate, which is required for DNA replication and protein synthesis. The acid complex form has potent inhibition properties against viruses such as alphaviruses, and it also inhibits transport of nucleic acids into cells. 3'-Deoxy-3'-fluoroadenosine can act as an analog to adenosine and may be used to treat viral infections such as HIV or herpes simplex virus.

The N1-methyladenosine is a reversible modification in tRNA, mRNA and long non-coding RNA

N4,N4-Dimethylcytidine is a nucleoside that is an analog of cytidine. It has antiviral potency against influenza virus and inhibits the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. N4,N4-Dimethylcytidine can be used to treat influenza and other viruses that are resistant to other antiviral drugs. This drug can be used in cell culture to inhibit the production of mismatched DNA strands, which is important for the replication of RNA viruses such as influenza. N4,N4-Dimethylcytidine also has been shown to be an inhibitor of miRNA activity in mammalian cells.

9-(b-D-Arabinofuranosyl)hypoxanthine is a glycosylated analogue of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). It has been shown to inhibit Streptococcus pyogenes and other bacteria. 9-(b-D-Arabinofuranosyl)hypoxanthine has also been shown to have inhibitory properties against zirconium oxide, pulmonary vasodilation, squamous cell carcinoma, and rate constant. This drug has not been studied in clinical trials for antiviral prophylaxis or arabinoside. The only known side effects are drug interactions with cyclin D2 and nitrate reductase.

Cyclic inosine diphosphate ribose is a synthetic, fluorescent compound that can be used as a probe for assays. It has been synthesized by the solid-phase synthesis of a specific antibody and is bioconjugated with an oligo(ethylene glycol) moiety. Cyclic inosine diphosphate ribose can be used to measure lymphocyte activation, which is important for the study of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Cyclic inosine diphosphate ribose has also been shown to bind to the ryanodine receptor, which causes an increase in intracellular calcium concentration.

N6-Methyladenosine-5'-monophosphate sodium is a synthetic nucleoside that has antiviral and anticancer activity. It is an activator of DNA polymerase α, which is involved in the synthesis of DNA. N6-Methyladenosine-5'-monophosphate sodium has been shown to inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in cultured cells and to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. This drug also inhibits the growth of certain bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. N6-Methyladenosine-5'-monophosphate sodium may be used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS or cancer.

Guanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt (GMPDS) is an antiviral agent that inhibits the synthesis of viral nucleic acids by competitive inhibition of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. GMPDS has been shown to inhibit the replication of a number of RNA viruses, including influenza A and B, herpes simplex virus type 1, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. This drug also has been shown to decrease cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in cells by inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity. GMPDS is used for treatment of infectious diseases such as influenza A, herpes, and HIV-1.

a-Adenosine is a nucleoside that has been shown to have anti-cancer properties. It inhibits the proliferation of squamous carcinoma cells by irreversibly inhibiting adenosine deaminase, which converts adenosine to inosine, as well as other enzymes such as DNA polymerase and ribonucleotide reductase. The reaction mechanism for this inhibition is not yet fully understood, but it may be related to the inhibition of camp levels or receptor activity. a-Adenosine has also been shown to have anti-microbial properties against bacteria, fungi and yeast. It inhibits the growth of these microorganisms by binding to their cell walls and preventing protein synthesis. This drug is rapidly hydrolyzed in vivo and has an antimicrobial effect at physiological concentrations. A more potent analog of a-adenosine (a-adenosinium) has been developed that can inhibit epidermal growth factor (EGF).

Uridine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt (UDP-MS) is a structural analog of uridine that is used as a dietary supplement. It has been shown to inhibit phosphodiesterases and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, which are enzymes that degrade the secondary messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). This inhibition leads to increased levels of cAMP in cells, which stimulates protein kinase A activity and promotes cellular differentiation. The analysis of UDP-MS has been performed using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

2'-Deoxy-N4-methylcytidine is a modified nucleoside that is used to inhibit the activity of protein kinases. It has been shown to inhibit the function of two different types of enzymes, eukaryotic protein kinase and bacterial RNA polymerase. 2'-Deoxy-N4-methylcytidine inhibits the activity of these enzymes by modifying their structure, which in turn prevents them from carrying out their normal functions. This modification can be achieved through deamination or protonation reactions with this drug. The effects of this drug are nonparametric and are observed at transcript levels.

2'-Deoxy-a-cytidine is a nucleoside analog that inhibits the growth of bacteria by competitively binding to the 5' position of the ribose sugar in RNA. This prevents the enzyme from adding a new linkage to the ribose, which results in an irreversible blockage of RNA synthesis. 2'-Deoxy-a-cytidine has been shown to be bacteriostatic against Escherichia coli and other bacterial species. It is also able to inhibit adenosine production, although it does not show any activity against DNA synthesis. 2'-Deoxy-a-cytidine has been shown to be effective against E. coli and other bacterial species, but does not show any activity against DNA synthesis

2'-O-Propargyluridine is a modified nucleoside that is used in anticancer and antiviral drug synthesis. It is also used as an activator for phosphoramidites. 2'-O-Propargyluridine has been shown to have antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1. This compound has also been shown to be active against cancer cells, with the ability to inhibit tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. 2'-O-Propargyluridine has a novel chemical structure and is not found in nature, which makes it difficult for the body's immune system to recognize and attack it.

8-Aminoadenosine can be used to study the mitochondrial membrane potential, a critical cellular function in which ATP levels are maintained by oxidative phosphorylation. 8-Aminoadenosine is one of the few drugs that have been shown to increase ATP levels in cells. It does this by increasing the permeability of mitochondria membranes and the rate of electron transport from complex I to complex II. The reaction mechanism is thought to involve an intramolecular hydrogen transfer from NADH to 8-aminoadenosine, forming an unstable intermediate that undergoes a conformational change that enables it to react with oxygen. 8-Aminoadenosine has been shown as an effective treatment for certain autoimmune diseases and resistant breast cancer. It also has anti-inflammatory effects, as well as receptor activity against HIV infection and Toll-like receptors.

ATP analog; covalent inhibitor of anthrax edema factor

Adenosine-3'-monophosphate is a nucleotide that is an important precursor in the synthesis of proteins. The ribosome, which is a large macromolecular complex that catalyzes protein synthesis, binds to the 3' end of the mRNA and adds adenosine-3'-monophosphate to the growing polypeptide chain. Adenosine-3'-monophosphate plays an important role in bacterial ribosomal RNA termination and protein synthesis. It also has sequence analysis capabilities and helps determine the sequence of subunits in the ribosome by providing a terminal nucleotide.

2',3'-Dideoxyinosine is a purine analog that can suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication after intracellular metabolic conversion

Abacavir 5'-phosphate is a nucleoside analog that inhibits the replication of the herpes virus by covalently binding to the viral DNA polymerase and blocking its ability to polymerize dNTPs. Abacavir 5'-phosphate's anti-viral potency has been shown in vivo using a model with herpes simplex virus, and it has been shown to inhibit viral replication in cell culture. The drug also reacts with cellular components such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which may lead to drug reactions. Abacavir 5'-phosphate is chemically stable, so it can be subjected to analytical methods without degradation. It is an analog of zidovudine (AZT).

2'-deoxyisocytidine is a nucleoside that is used in biochemical research. It can be synthesized by two methods: solid-phase synthesis and depyrimidination. 2'-deoxyisocytidine has been shown to be more efficient than other fluorescent nucleosides when used with the excimer laser technique. The stability of this compound has also been shown to be greater than other fluorescein-based compounds, which makes it an appropriate substitute when using phosphoramidite chemistry.

2',3'-Dideoxyadenosine is a nucleoside analog that inhibits HIV replication and is a competitive inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase. This latter action reduces levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

8-Azidoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphosphate is used for nucleotide labelling via a click reaction involving the azide moiety and a terminal alkyne conjugated to a label. The reaction generates a stable nucleotide labelled adduct containing a triazole link.

Adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate sodium salt has been used quantify pyrophosphate and in enzyme-linked bioluminescence assay for adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

3'-Deoxycytidine is a nucleoside analog used to treat hepatitis. It is an inhibitor of the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase and prevents the synthesis of viral DNA by blocking the formation of low-energy hydrogen bonds between the 3'-hydroxyl group and the 5'-phosphate group of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates. 3'-Deoxycytidine can be synthesized using solid-phase methods, and has been shown to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in control experiments. This drug also has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in experimental bladder inflammation models.

2'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine-5'-triphosphate sodium salt - 100 mM solution in water is a nucleotide analog that inhibits the synthesis of RNA. It is used for the treatment of cancer. This agent binds to DNA and prevents the formation of RNA by inhibiting the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. 2'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine-5'-triphosphate sodium salt - 100 mM solution in water also has a perchloric acid component, which may be responsible for its haematopoietic effects.