Toxins

Spirostan-3-ol, a saponin isolate with potential anti-cancer properties, is a Sarsasapogenin stereoisomer.

Moniliformin is a mycotoxin, which is produced by certain Fusarium species, primarily Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum. This compound is a secondary metabolite, with a unique chemical structure characterized by a low-molecular-weight organic acid, having a cyclobutane ring. Moniliformin's mode of action involves the inhibition of key enzymes in cellular respiration, such as pyruvate dehydrogenase, which disrupts carbohydrate metabolism and affects energy production in cells. The toxin predominantly impacts cardiac muscle cells, leading to cardiotoxic effects, which may cause severe health issues in animals. Moniliformin is predominantly significant in agriculture and animal sciences due to its presence in cereal grains such as corn, wheat, and oats. It poses a substantial risk to livestock health when contaminated feed is ingested, leading to reduced growth rates, and even mortality. Research continues to focus on understanding its biosynthesis, its impacts on animal physiology, and the development of effective detection and mitigation strategies, thereby preventing its detrimental effects in the agriculture sector. Scientists are also exploring biotechnological approaches for detoxifying contaminated agricultural products to ensure food and feed safety.

Deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, causes reversible hind limb rigidity in rats and is used for crop protection and disease control.

3-Acetyl-DON is a mycotoxin, specifically a trichothecene, which is primarily produced by Fusarium species. This compound is an acetylated derivative of deoxynivalenol (DON), often encountered in contaminated cereals and grains. Its source, Fusarium fungi, is prevalent in agricultural crops, especially during humid weather conditions. 3-Acetyl-DON functions through the inhibition of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, primarily by disrupting the ribosomal function. This action results in toxic effects in plants, animals, and humans, contributing to adverse health outcomes, such as immunotoxicity and gastrointestinal disturbances. In research and agricultural contexts, 3-Acetyl-DON is crucial for studying the effects of mycotoxins on food safety and crop resilience. Understanding its mode of action and effects is essential for developing strategies to mitigate contamination and protect food sources. Furthermore, it serves as a critical indicator in environmental and safety monitoring programs aimed at assessing and controlling the risks associated with mycotoxin exposure.

Seneciphylline: hepatotoxic, mutagenic in Drosophila, passes into rat milk, affects key enzymes in rats.