Natural Products and Phytochemicals by Botanical Origin

Applications β-D-Glucopyranosiduronic Acid Propyl Methyl Ester, 2,3,4-Triacetate is an intermediate in the synthesis of Propyl β-D-Glucuronide (P835275), a glucuronide of a short-chained aliphatic alcohol formed via glucuronidation in human liver microsomes in vitro. References Moench, B., et al.: Carbohydrate. Res., 352, 186 (2012);

Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin is a naturally occurring phytochemical, which is derived from the roots of the plant *Saposhnikovia divaricata* (commonly known as Fangfeng). This compound is a glycoside, specifically a glucoside of cimifugin, and it plays a meaningful role in the plant's pharmacological profile. The mode of action for Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin involves its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. It exerts influence through various signaling pathways, potentially inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines and modulating oxidative stress responses in biological systems. These actions suggest its role in modulating immune responses and reducing inflammation at a cellular level. Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin has been the subject of research for its potential applications in treating inflammatory-related conditions and diseases, including allergic reactions, arthritis, and other immune disorders. Its inclusion in the formulations of traditional Chinese medicine highlights its enduring importance and potential for integration into modern therapeutic agents targeting chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction. Further investigation into its bioavailability and metabolism would provide deeper insights into its therapeutic efficacy and potential for pharmaceutical development.

Shikonin is a natural product from the roots of Lithospermum erythroryzon, used in the Chinese herbal medicine under the name Zicao. Shikonin has a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antithrombotic and anti-tumoral properties. Shikonin also has the ability to inhibit the main protease Mpro from coronaviruses, and inhibit the Mpro protease from SARS-CoV-2 with an IC50 of 15.75 μM.

Applications Steviol is an aglycone of the natural sweetener Stevioside (90%, S686730) and is found to be highly mutagenic compared to Stevioside. References Toskulkac, C., et al.: Drug Chem. Toxicol., 20, 31 (1997); Pezzuto, J.M., et al.: P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82, 2478 (1985); Matsui, M., et al.: Mutagenesis, 11, 573 (1996); Koyama, E., et al.: Food Chem. Toxicol., 41, 875 (2003)

DL-α-Hydroxymyristic acid is a chiral fatty acid derivative, which is synthesized through chemical processes. It is an α-hydroxy carboxylic acid obtained through the hydroxylation of myristic acid, derived either by chemical synthesis or from natural sources such as coconut oil or palm kernel oil. The mode of action of DL-α-Hydroxymyristic acid involves its ability to disrupt lipid membranes and act as an exfoliating agent due to its α-hydroxy group. This disruption is useful in the study of lipid bilayers and membrane proteins, providing insight into cellular processes. In scientific research, DL-α-Hydroxymyristic acid is utilized for investigating the structure and function of biological membranes. Its characteristics also make it beneficial in the cosmetic industry, where it is used for its exfoliating properties to improve skin texture and appearance. Additionally, its potential antimicrobial activity makes it an attractive candidate for further exploration in pharmaceuticals.

Applications 3-O-Methyl-d3 Quercetin is the labeled analogue of 3-O-Methyl Quercetin (M326545), a metabolite of the flavanoid Quercetin (Q509500) with inhibitory activity on lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of macrophage U937 cells. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Okoko, T. et al.: Food Chem. Toxicol., 47, 809 (2009); Duenas, M. et al.: Eur. Food Res. Technol., 232, 103 (2011); Marzouk, M. et al.: Phytochem., 52, 943 (1999)

Applications Neomenthol is an essential oil which has potential to prevent or cure stress related diseases. Inhibitory activity in such compounds may improve dimentia, onset of cancer. References Miyazawa, M., Oreo Saiensu, 11, 463 (2011)

Applications Isochlorgenic Acid is shown to provide antioxidant and DNA-protective activities. References Xu, J. et al.: J. Agri. Food Chem., 60, 11625 (2012);

Applications Paroxetine derivative; piperidine derivative useful as calcium overload blockers for brain cells. References Rice, K.C., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 20, 164 (1977),

Icarisid II is a bioactive natural product, which is a secondary metabolite derived from the flavonoid group found in particular plants. It primarily originates from species in the Epimedium genus, commonly known as "horny goat weed." The mode of action of Icarisid II involves the modulation of various cellular signaling pathways that are critical in cancer pathogenesis, including the inhibition of specific protein kinases and the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. The primary uses and applications of Icarisid II are in the area of oncological research, where it is being investigated for its antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on cancer cells. Scientists are particularly interested in its potential use as a therapeutic agent in treating various forms of cancer due to its ability to disrupt cell cycle progression and enhance the efficacy of existing chemotherapy agents. Research is ongoing to further elucidate its mechanisms of action and to assess its safety and efficacy in preclinical and clinical settings. The exploration of Icarisid II may lead to novel approaches in developing more effective cancer treatments.

Corycavine is an alkaloid compound, which is derived from certain species of Corydalis plants, particularly from their roots. This naturally occurring substance acts primarily as an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, modulating adrenergic signaling pathways. By competitively inhibiting the binding of endogenous catecholamines such as norepinephrine, it influences vascular tone and other physiological processes mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptors. Corycavine is employed in pharmacological research to understand alpha-adrenergic receptor functions and to explore potential therapeutic avenues for conditions like hypertension, where modulation of vascular resistance is crucial. Its role in experimental settings allows scientists to dissect adrenergic mechanisms and develop novel therapeutic strategies. Understanding the pharmacokinetics and specific interactions of Corycavine with cellular targets is vital for elucidating its impact within biological systems, potentially guiding the development of future adrenergic modulators.