Natural and semi-synthetic antibiotics

Echinocandin B: a cyclic hexapeptide from A. nidulans, inhibits fungal cell wall synthesis by blocking beta-1,3-glucan.

Zearalenone (F2 toxin) is a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium in foods and feeds.

Rifaximin: an oral semi-synthetic antibiotic from rifamycin SV; targets bacterial RNA polymerase to halt growth.

N-[(2E)-6,6-Dimethyl-2-hepten-4-ynyl]-1-naphthalenemethanamine (DHEA) is a human metabolite and an endogenous hormone. DHEA has been shown to have antifungal activity against Candida albicans in vitro. It also possesses an inhibitory effect on the growth of some fungi that are resistant to azole drugs, such as Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans and Blastomyces dermatitidis. DHEA has been used in the treatment of pediatric patients with chronic granulomatous disease and is currently being evaluated for use in other pediatric conditions.

(trans)-4-Propyl-1-methyl-L-proline is a synthetic compound that has been used in the past as an impurity standard in the synthesis of several drugs, including metaxalone and aminopyrine. It is also found to have pharmacological effects on its own and was used as a drug product for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. (trans)-4-Propyl-1-methyl-L-proline is not listed in any pharmacopoeia or international list of approved drugs.