Botanical Source

Apigenin 7-O-(2G-rhamnosyl)gentiobioside is a flavonoid glycoside, which is a compound comprised of the flavonoid apigenin linked to a sugar moiety. This compound is typically sourced from various plants, where it occurs naturally as part of the plant's secondary metabolites. The glycoside form enhances the solubility and stability of the apigenin molecule, which is essential for its biological activities. The mode of action of Apigenin 7-O-(2G-rhamnosyl)gentiobioside involves various biological pathways. As a flavonoid, it can exhibit antioxidant properties, potentially scavenging reactive oxygen species and contributing to the reduction of oxidative stress. It may also influence cellular signaling pathways, including those involved in inflammation and cell proliferation. Uses and applications of Apigenin 7-O-(2G-rhamnosyl)gentiobioside are primarily focused on the fields of phytochemistry and pharmacognosy. Researchers study these compounds for their potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Additionally, they may be used as bioactive markers in the analysis of plant extracts, contributing to the understanding of the therapeutic potential of traditional medicinal plants.

Clinopodiside A is a bioactive compound, which is a natural triterpenoid saponin isolated from plants belonging to the genus Clinopodium. This compound is sourced specifically from Clinopodium chinense, a species traditionally utilized in herbal medicine. The mode of action of Clinopodiside A primarily involves modulation of cellular processes through its interaction with cell membranes and signaling pathways, leading to various biological effects. Clinopodiside A is primarily researched for its potential therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Studies suggest that it may inhibit the growth of certain cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and disrupting signaling pathways critical for cell survival. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory effects are linked to the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, making it a candidate for conditions characterized by excessive inflammation. Researchers continue to explore its potential in developing new pharmacological agents for diverse medical applications.

Naringin Dihydrochalcone is an artificial sweetener derived from naringin. Naringin is a major flavanone glycoside obtained from tomatoes, grapefruits, and many other citrus fruits. Naringin exhibits biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Naringin suppresses NF-κB signaling pathway.

Hinokiflavone has significant cytotoxicity, it has inhibition of MMP-9.

Anti-inflammatory; antioxidant; anti-cancer agent; neuroprotective

a-Glucosylrutin is a flavonoid glycoside derivative, which is synthesized from rutin, a natural flavonoid extracted from plants such as buckwheat and citrus fruits, using an enzymatic glucosylation process. The incorporation of glucose enhances its stability and solubility compared to its parent compound, rutin. The mode of action of a-Glucosylrutin involves its antioxidant activity, where it scavenges free radicals and reduces oxidative stress at the cellular level. This activity mitigates damage to cells and tissues, which is crucial in various oxidative stress-related conditions. In terms of applications, a-Glucosylrutin is extensively utilized in cosmetic formulations due to its ability to protect skin cells, reduce inflammation, and enhance skin health. Its protective properties are also researched for potential roles in preventing chronic diseases related to oxidative damage. Researchers are exploring its applications in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals as well, given its enhanced bioavailability and efficacy as an antioxidant agent. Its multifunctional nature makes it a subject of interest for further scientific exploration in various biomedical fields.

Arteannuin B and artemisinic acid are biogenetic precursors of artemisinin, an important antimalarial produced by the herb Artemisia annua, they are active against different bacteria and certain fungal species. Arteannuin B has potential antimalarialand antitumor activity.

Gambogic acid is a tissue-specific proteasome inhibitor, which has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenesis activities. Gambogic acid induces LRIG1 (leucine-rich repeat and Ig-like domain-containing-1) upregulation, which is responsible for EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) degradation and its downstream Akt/mTORC1 inhibition.

Curdione has anti-inflammatory, cancer chemopreventive activities, significant anti-platelet aggregation and antithrombotic activities , the inhibitory mechanism of curdione on platelet aggregation may increase cAMP levels and subsequently inhibit intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. plays an important role in the CYP3A4 inhibitory activity of C. aromatica.

Isofraxidin has definite anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, analgesic,and anti-inflammatory activities, it inhibits expression of MMP-7 and in vitro cell invasion at a non-toxic level through inhibiting ERK1/2 phosphorylation in hepatoma cell lines.Isofraxidin is one possible radio-protector, it can protect leukemia cells from radiation-induced apoptosis via ROS/mitochondria pathway in a p53-independent manner.

Jatrorrhizine hydrochloride has lipid lowering effects, it can ameliorate hyperlipidemia via the suppression of lipogenesis and the enhancement of lipid oxidation in the liver. It exhibits a potent inhibitory effect toward neuraminidase of the H7N9 (N9) avian influenza virus, it also can potentiate the neuraminidase inhibitory effect of oseltamivir towards H7N9 influenza. Jatrorrhizine hydrochloride is a potential new antimelanoma drug candidate, can inhibit the proliferation and neovascularization of C8161 metastatic melanoma cells with low toxicity.

Rebaudioside I is a steviol glycoside, which is a high-intensity sweetener derived from the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant. As a natural compound, it is extracted and purified through a water or alcohol-based process from the plant’s leaves, which have been traditionally used for their sweetening properties. This sweetener functions by interacting with the sweet-taste receptors on the tongue, specifically the TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 taste receptor complex. This interaction elicits a sweet taste perception without the caloric impact, making it a valuable sugar substitute in various industries. Rebaudioside I is primarily used in the food and beverage industry as a non-caloric sweetener. It is especially useful in products aiming to reduce calorie content, such as diet beverages, sugar-free confectioneries, and low-calorie desserts. Its stability under heat and acidic conditions expands its applications in baking and cooking. Moreover, in pharmaceutical formulations, it can serve as a sweetening agent to enhance the palatability of medications.

Gomisin A has anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, neuroprotective, and anti-proliferation properties, it induces marked protective effects against hepatic and renal injury induced by CCl(4) exposure through differential regulation of the MAPK signal transduction pathway. Gomisin A inhibits COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α and NO through the down-regulation of RIP2 and NF-κB activation.

Isoacteoside is a phenylethanoid isolated from Monochasma savatieri Franch. ex Maxim., which is an anti-inflammatory herb widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Isoacteoside is also reported as a potential therapeutic for Alzheimers disease. The memory-improving mechanism of isoacteoside involves reducing amyloid β peptide deposition and amyloid β cytotoxicity by inhibiting amyloid β oligomerization through the catechol moiety. This promotes amyloid β degradation and reversing cortical cholinergic dysfunction, which includes the inhibition of AChE activity (Young-Ji, 2017).

Pinocembrin is a major flavonoid molecule incorporated as multifunctional in the pharmaceutical industry. Its vast range of pharmacological activities has been well researched including antimicrobial, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Pinocembrin inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory mediators production by suppressing PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway, it also inhibited TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis of Y-79 cells by inactivating the αvβ3 integrin/FAK/p38α signaling pathway.

trans-Zeatin-9-glucoside-o-glucoside is a cytokinin derivative, which is a type of plant hormone involved in various growth and developmental processes. This compound is sourced from the metabolic conversion of natural cytokinins in plants. It is formed through the glycosylation of zeatin, a naturally occurring cytokinin, adding two glucose molecules. The mode of action of trans-Zeatin-9-glucoside-o-glucoside involves its role in the regulation of cell division, shoot and root growth, and the modulation of responses to environmental stimuli. As a conjugated cytokinin, it acts as a storage form that can be converted back to the active form when required, thereby regulating the availability and activity of cytokinins in plants. This compound is predominantly used in scientific studies to understand cytokinin metabolism, transport, and function in plants. Its applications extend to plant biotechnology and physiology, where it aids in elucidating the complex hormonal interactions that control plant growth and development. Understanding these interactions is crucial for advancing agricultural practices and improving crop yield and resilience.

Alisol A may be an autophagic inducer, it has anti-cancer activity, it presents inhibitory effects on cancer cell lines tested(HepG2, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7 cells).

Quercetagetin-7-O-glucoside, a potent inhibitor of beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme release, shows anti-inflammatory activity, can significantly inhibit arachidonic acid release from membranes.

Eriodictyol

(-)-Gallocatechin gallate has cancer-preventive activities, it can precipitate cholesterol, decreasee osteoclastogenesis at 20 microM.

Platycodon D (PD) and D3 (PD3) isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum has been previously reported to show anti-inflammatory activities in rats, PD may stimulate TNF-α synthesis or inhibit degradation of TNF-α mRNA, suggest a dichotomous regulation of these important proinflammatory mediators by PD and PD3.

Coniferin has ATP-dependent transport activity; the extracts of the Balanophora involucrate and trans-Coniferin have anti-oxidation effects; the chromogenic coniferin analog show the exclusive presence of beta-glucosidase activity in the differentiating xylem, similar to peroxidase activity.

Notoginsenoside Ft1 is a novel stimulator of angiogenesis, it stimulates angiogenesis via HIF-1α-mediated VEGF expression, with PI3K/AKT and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascades concurrently participating in the process; it has the potential therapeutic effect on human neuroblastoma, it can arrest the proliferation and elicited the apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells possibly via p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 pathways.Notoginsenoside Ft1 activates both glucocorticoid and estrogen receptors to induce endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide-mediated relaxations in rat mesenteric arteries. Notoginsenoside Ft1 also provides a great potential application of it in clinics for patients with diabetic foot ulcers, it may accelerate diabetic wound healing by orchestrating multiple processes, including promoting fibroblast proliferation, enhancing angiogenesis, and attenuating inflammatory response.

4-O-(α-D-Glucopyranosyl) moranoline is an iminosugar that functions as an effective glycosidase inhibitor, specifically targeting enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. It is derived from natural sources such as mulberry leaves, where it is produced as a defense compound against herbivores. This substance interferes with the activity of α-glucosidases by mimicking the transition state of the glycosidic bond cleavage, thereby preventing the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into glucose. The primary application of 4-O-(α-D-Glucopyranosyl) moranoline is in the treatment and investigation of diabetes mellitus. By inhibiting the intestinal glucosidases, it effectively blunts postprandial blood sugar spikes, offering a mechanism to control hyperglycemia. Additionally, it serves as a critical tool in biochemical research to explore various pathways and molecular targets associated with carbohydrate digestion. Its specificity and efficacy make it a subject of continued study within the therapeutic development for metabolic disorders.

Tenuifolin is an effective compound from tenuigenin, is commonly used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for memory loss, has no inherent toxicity to either the transfected or wild type cells at the effective concentrations, it inhibits amyloid-β secretion in vitro.

Icariside I is a metabolite product of Icariin.

Ginsenoside Rg5 is a bioactive compound, which is a saponin extracted from Panax ginseng. This herbal source, particularly its root, has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. Ginsenoside Rg5 exhibits its mode of action primarily through modulating intracellular signaling pathways, enhancing antioxidant activity, and exerting anti-inflammatory effects. It has shown the ability to interact with cellular receptors and enzymes, impacting biological processes at the molecular level. The uses and applications of Ginsenoside Rg5 are diverse, with ongoing research exploring its potential therapeutic roles. It is being studied for its neuroprotective, anti-cancer, and cardioprotective properties. Researchers are particularly interested in its ability to combat oxidative stress and its preventive role in neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory action suggests potential benefits in chronic inflammatory conditions. As the scientific community continues to investigate its mechanisms and effectiveness, Ginsenoside Rg5 remains a significant subject of interest in pharmacological and medicinal chemistry research.

Momordicoside A is a triterpenoid saponin, which is isolated from the fruit and other parts of the bitter melon plant, scientifically known as *Momordica charantia*. This compound is derived through meticulous extraction and purification processes from the plant, which is renowned for its diverse array of bioactive phytochemicals. The mode of action of Momordicoside A involves its interaction with various cellular pathways. It is known to exhibit a range of biological activities, including anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects, achieved through modulation of enzymatic activities and signaling pathways. For instance, it has been observed to influence the AMPK signaling pathway, which is crucial in the regulation of cellular energy homeostasis. Momordicoside A has applications in biomedical research focused on understanding metabolic disorders and developing novel therapeutic strategies. Its potential in modulating glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity makes it a subject of interest in studies investigating new treatments for diabetes. Furthermore, its anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects on cancer cells open promising avenues for cancer research. This compound continues to be the focus of numerous investigations, aiming to elucidate its mechanisms further and explore its therapeutic potential in clinical settings.

Schisanhenol has antioxidative effect on human LDL oxidation, may be through scavenging free radicals; it also has anti-apoptosis effect on BACSs, may be related to its inhibition of ROS generation. Schisanhenol can protect against adriamycin induced heart mitochondrial toxicity.

Sophoridine has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-arrhythmia, and affects the immune and central nervous systems. Early and short-time applying sophoridine has neuroprotective effect min permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) rat brain by down-regulating TRAF6 and up-regulating p-ERK1/2 expression, ameliorating brain infaction and edema. Sophoridine also possesses antiviral activities against Coxsackievirus B3, by regulating cytokine expression, may represent a potential therapeutic agent for viral myocarditis.

Alisol B 23-acetate, a partial non-competitive inhibitor of P-gp, it may be a potential MDR reversal agent. Alisol B 23-acetate produces protective effects against ANIT-induced hepatotoxity and cholestasis, due to FXR-mediated gene regulation; it obviously inhibits proliferation of the three ovarian cancer cell lines, possesses anti-proliferation, anti-migration and anti-invasion activities as a single agent on ovarian cancer cells.

Pectolinarin and pectolinarigenin exhibit hepatoprotective activity mainly via SOD antioxidant mechanism, can prevent the hepatic injury in rats caused by D-galactosamine.

Tubeimoside I, tubeimoside II, and tubeimoside III show anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antitumor-promo ting effects.

Jujuboside B is one of the saponins isolated from the seeds of Zizyphus jujuba var, has

Isorebaudioside A is a type of steviol glycoside sweetener, which is extracted from the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant. As a product of natural origin, it functions as a high-intensity sweetener by mimicking the taste of sucrose without the caloric content. Isorebaudioside A interacts with the taste receptors on the tongue, activating the sweet taste pathways. This mode of action allows it to provide a sugar-like sweetness, often considered favorable due to its clean taste profile and lack of caloric contributions. In scientific applications, Isorebaudioside A is utilized primarily in the food and beverage industry as an alternative to sugar and artificial sweeteners. Its stability across a wide range of temperatures and pH levels makes it highly versatile in various formulations, including baked goods, dairy products, and soft drinks. Due to its natural derivation, it is also of interest in studies focusing on metabolic health, where it serves as a potential tool in managing caloric intake and reducing blood sugar levels. Research continues to explore its full effects on human health and its potential for broader applications in dietary management.