Botanical Source

(-)-Syringaresnol-4-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1,2)-β-D-glucopyranoside is a lignan glycoside, which is a type of secondary metabolite. This compound is primarily derived from plant sources, often isolated from the heartwood of various trees or other lignan-rich plant materials. The extraction typically involves advanced chromatographic techniques that separate and purify it from complex plant matrices. The mode of action of (-)-Syringaresnol-4-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1,2)-β-D-glucopyranoside largely centers around its antioxidant properties. It scavenges free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress and potentially modulating various biochemical pathways involved in cellular protection and repair processes. Its uses and applications are primarily in the field of scientific research. These include studies on oxidative stress, natural product pharmacology, and the exploration of novel antioxidants. Researchers may investigate its potential benefits in reducing oxidative damage in biological systems or as a lead compound for developing pharmacologically active agents. Additionally, it could serve as a model compound for elucidating the structure-activity relationships of lignan glycosides.

Isoliquiritigenin(ILTG), a flavonoid constituent in the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, has vasorelaxant effect, anti-platelet, anti-allergic and antiviral activities, also has protective effects in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

Dihydrorotenone is a potent mitochondrial inhibitor and probably induces Parkinsonian syndrome. It induces human plasma cell apoptosis by provoking endoplasmic reticulum stress and induces cell death by activating the p38 but not the JNK signaling pathway.

L-Theanine is a relaxing and nondietary amino acid found pretty much exclusively in teas from Camellia sinensis. It is known to promote relaxation and improve concentration and learning ability and has neuroprotective effects. L-Theanine heals gastric ulcer and prevents CCl4-induced experimental hepatic cirrhosis in rats by blocking the main pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic signals. L-Theanine can significantly alleviate the adverse oxidative effect.

Cosmosiin and rhoifolin from red wendun leaves may be beneficial for diabetic complications through their enhanced adiponectin secretion, tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor-β and GLUT4 translocation.

Reference standards.

Amentoflavone, a biflavonoid with antiinflammatory activity, inhibits NF-κB/DNA binding activity potently along with inhibition of degradation of IκBα and NF-κB translocation into nucleus in TNFα-activated A549 cells.

Rebaudioside E is a high-intensity sweetener, which is a glycoside derived from the Stevia rebaudiana plant. This particular compound is among the numerous steviol glycosides present in stevia leaves, extracted through water or alcohol-based extraction and subsequent purification processes. Its mode of action involves binding to the sweet taste receptors on the tongue, similar to other intense sweeteners, yet it provides sweetness without caloric input. In terms of applications, Rebaudioside E is utilized predominantly in the food and beverage industry. Its high sweetness potency, around 150-300 times that of sucrose, and negligible caloric content make it an attractive alternative to sugar, especially in formulations aimed at reducing caloric value without compromising taste. It is employed in a variety of products, including soft drinks, confectioneries, and dairy products. Researchers continue to study its potential synergistic effects when combined with other sweeteners, aiming to optimize taste profiles while maintaining health benefits.

Isosakuranetin is a plant exudate with known cytotoxic and fungicide properties, it may act on wheat root segments as an inhibitor of K+ permeation. Isosakuranetin is a TRPM3 blocker, significantly reduces the sensitivity of mice to noxious heat and PregS-induced chemical pain; it induced- inhibition of ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways activate MITF and subsequent expression of Tyr, TRP1, and TRP2.

Ligustroflavone shows high antioxidant capacity and is reported to be an AMPK activator, it activates AMPK by increasing ratio of AMP / ATP and promotes adiponectin multimerization by activating AMPK.

Decursinol angelate has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and hepatoprotective activities, it inhibits VEGF-induced angiogenesis via suppression of the VEGFR-2-signaling pathway; it also suppresses invasion and inflammatory activation of cancer cells through modulation of PI3K/AKT, ERK and NF-kappaB, its anti-inflammatory activity may contribute to its anti-cancer activity.Decursinol angelate has protective effects against amyloid β-protein-induced oxidative stress in the PC12 cell line. It improves wound healing by upregulating the expression of genes encoding extracellular matrix remodeling proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors. Decursinol angelate has in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast.

Saikogenin D possesses a dual effect: an inhibition of A23187-induced PGE2 production without a direct inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity; and an elevation of [Ca2+]i that is attributed to Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Saikogenin D has immunomodulatory effect, it can attenuate IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages of B6 more than in that of BALB.

5,6-O-Isopropylidene-phlorigidoside B is a specialized phytochemical compound, which is a derivative of natural glycosides. This compound is typically sourced from certain plant species known for producing bioactive secondary metabolites. The synthesis of this compound involves the acetalization of hydroxyl groups, creating an isopropylidene protective group, which can influence its stability and solubility properties. The mode of action of 5,6-O-Isopropylidene-phlorigidoside B generally involves interaction with specific biological pathways, possibly modulating enzyme activity or receptor binding. Such interactions can lead to diverse effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or other bioactive responses depending on the application. This compound’s potential uses extend to various fields such as pharmaceuticals, where it may serve as a lead compound for drug development. Additionally, it can be employed in biochemical research to study plant-derived bioactive effects, or in agriculture to explore natural plant defense mechanisms. The exploration of its properties and interactions can provide valuable insights into its potential therapeutic or industrial applications.

Obacunone is a novel activator of Nrf2, which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antivirulence, insecticidal, anti-proliferative and anti-aromatase activities. Obacunone stimulates muscle hypertrophy and prevents obesity and hyperglycemia, and that these beneficial effects are likely to be mediated through the activation of TGR5 and inhibition of PPARγ transcriptional activity. Obacunone significantly inhibits aromatase activity in an in vitro enzyme assay with an IC50 value of 28.04 μM, and it also inhibits the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.

Saikosaponin B1 may be as anti-schizophrenic candidate drugs, it can suppress the signal transduction after binding of EGF.

Hypophyllanthin and phyllanthin have antitumour effects against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in mice. Hypophyllanthin can modulate the vascular tension via the endothelium-independent mechanisms, it can directly inhibit P-gp activity and does not interfere with MRP2 activity, it may reversibly inhibit P-gp function. Hypophyllanthin offers a promising means for treatment of chronic muscle pain. Hypophyllanthin also has estrogenic properties against carbofuran induced toxicity in female rats.

Cimigenol is a potential antitumor compound, combination of it with an autophagy inhibitor may be a valuable strategy for the chemoprevention or treatment of colon cancer. It exerted potent cytotoxic activity against SMMC-7721 (7.87 µM) and A-549 (12.16 µM).

Cyanidin Chloride, the main phenolic antioxidant in the grape (Vitis vinifera), in particular in the liposomal forms, could be used for treatment of diabetes mellitus complications. It has a dual effect on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, exhibits therapeutic potential in prevention of osteoclasts related bone disorders.

Silymarin (SIL), a standardized plant extract containing about 60% polyphenole silibinin, is used as a hepatoprotective agent, it retards collagen accumulation in early and advanced biliary fibrosis secondary to complete bile duct obliteration in rats, it also may play a role in the therapy of (alcoholic) liver cirrhosis.[1,2]

Phillyrin, (+)-Phillygenin, and (-)-phillygenin exert the strongest inhibitory activities on NO production with IC(50) values.

Neamine hydrochloride is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from neomycin. It exerts its antibacterial effects by interacting with bacterial ribosomal RNA, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis. This interference results in the disruption of vital cellular processes within susceptible bacteria, ultimately causing cell death. The primary application of Neamine hydrochloride is in research settings, particularly in studies focusing on microbial resistance mechanisms and protein synthesis. It is used to investigate the interactions and conformational changes in ribosomal RNA that are critical for antibacterial efficacy. Additionally, it serves as a tool in genetic engineering techniques, where selective inhibition of bacterial growth is required. Its specificity in targeting bacterial ribosomes makes it a valuable agent in the exploration of novel antibacterial strategies and the development of next-generation antibiotics.

Rebaudioside F is a non-caloric sweetener, which is a glycoside isolated from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana. This compound is categorized as a steviol glycoside, where the steviol backbone is modified through glycosylation, contributing to its sweetening properties. Rebaudioside F shares a similar structure with other steviol glycosides, including rebaudioside A, but exhibits slight differences in its glycosylation pattern, which can influence its taste profile and solubility. The mode of action of Rebaudioside F involves binding to taste receptors on the tongue, specifically the TAS1R2/TAS1R3 sweet taste receptor complex. Upon binding, it activates a signaling cascade that leads to the perception of sweetness without the caloric impact associated with traditional sugars. The glycosidic bonds resist breakdown in the human digestive system, accounting for its non-caloric nature. Rebaudioside F is of interest for applications in food and beverage industries as a natural sweetening agent. Its potential health benefits, such as glycemic control and weight management, make it suitable for dietary uses, particularly for individuals monitoring sugar intake, such as those with diabetes. Its use in products varies across a spectrum of applications, including beverages, desserts, and dietary supplements.

8-Prenylnaringenin is a phytoestrogen with high estrogenic activity, it shows more potent effects on promoting osteoblastic bone formation and inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption by ERα instead of ERβ than the two classic phytoestrogens: genistein and daidzein. 8-Prenylnaringenin at all assayed doses (0.001-20 µM) presumably improves mitochondrial function, whereas a high dose of XN (5 µM) worsens the functionality of this organelle.

Silydianin, an active constituent of Silybium marianum, has inhibitory effect on on the in vitro production and release of oxidative products. Silydianin has possible antiinflammatory activity, which regulates caspase-3 activation, affects cell membranes and acts as a free radical scavenger.

Scandoside methyl ester is a naturally occurring iridoid glycoside derivative, which is typically isolated from certain plant species, particularly those in the genus Scrophularia. This compound is part of a class of secondary metabolites known for their diverse biological activities. Its mechanism of action is often linked to its ability to interact with various biological pathways, including those involved in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses. Researchers have explored its potential to inhibit specific enzymes and modulate signaling pathways. The uses and applications of scandoside methyl ester are mainly in the realm of scientific research. It is studied for its potential therapeutic effects and as a lead compound in drug discovery efforts. Researchers investigate its role in modulating cellular processes, which could contribute to the development of new treatments for inflammatory diseases, oxidative stress-related conditions, and other health issues. While its full potential is still under study, scandoside methyl ester represents a promising molecule in the field of natural product chemistry and pharmacology.

Topotecan hydrochloride, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, capable of inhibiting tumoral growth in animal models of retinoblastoma. Topotecan hydrochloride liposomes loaded CS/β-GP hydrogel could become a potential formulation for improving the antitumor efficacy of Topotecan hydrochloride.

(+)-Praeruptorin A exerts distinct relaxant effects on isolated rat aorta rings, which may be mainly attributed to nitric oxide synthesis catalyzed by endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

Momordin 2e is a cucurbitane triterpenoid compound, which is derived from natural plant sources, particularly within the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae. This product has garnered attention due to its bioactive properties, primarily identified in plants such as bitter melon (Momordica charantia). The mode of action of Momordin 2e is linked to its interaction with various molecular pathways. It has shown the ability to inhibit certain enzymes and modulate signaling pathways associated with inflammation and cancer. Specifically, Momordin 2e can interfere with the NF-kB pathway, which plays a crucial role in inflammatory responses and the progression of cancerous cells. It has also exhibited potential in inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. Applications of Momordin 2e are largely centered around its potential therapeutic effects. It has been studied for its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral properties. Researchers are exploring its use in developing novel treatments and improving existing pharmacological strategies for managing chronic diseases. Further investigation is also ongoing to fully understand its pharmacokinetics and optimize its bioavailability for potential clinical applications. Researchers are continuing to expand the understanding of Momordin 2e through rigorous studies, aiming to harness its full potential in medical science.

Vitexin-2''-O-rhamnoside contributes to the protection against H₂O₂ -mediated oxidative stress damage and could be safely used for a wide range of concentrations.It has low bioavailability, mainly related to its poor absorption in the intestine.

1,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (1,5-DQA), a caffeoylquinic acid derivative isolated from Aster scaber, has neuroprotective effects, can prevent Aβ(42)-induced neurotoxicity through the activation of PI3K/Akt followed by the stimulation of Trk A, then the inhibition of GSK3β as well as the modulation of Bcl-2/Bax.

Mogroside III A1 is a triterpene glycoside, which is derived from the fruit of Siraitia grosvenorii, commonly known as monk fruit. This compound is a significant component of the sweet profile associated with the fruit and is extracted through carefully controlled processes to maintain its structural integrity. The mode of action of Mogroside III A1 involves its interaction with sweet taste receptors on the tongue, leading to a sweet sensation without the presence of sugar. This property is attributed to its complex molecular structure that allows binding to the taste receptors, mimicking the sweetness typically associated with sucrose but with minimal caloric contribution. Mogroside III A1 has garnered attention for its potential applications in the food and beverage industry, especially as a natural, non-nutritive sweetener alternative to traditional sugars. Its integration is particularly advantageous for calorie-reduced products and for consumers seeking naturally derived sweetening options. Additionally, ongoing research explores its potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting a possible role in health and wellness formulations beyond just its sweetening capacity.

Rebaudioside J is a non-caloric sweetener, which is a purified glycoside derived from the Stevia rebaudiana plant. The Stevia plant, native to South America, is well known for its sweet-tasting compounds, mainly the steviol glycosides. Rebaudioside J is one of these glycosides, specifically noted for its high sweetness intensity and favorable taste profile compared to other steviol glycosides. The mode of action of Rebaudioside J is based on its interaction with the taste receptors on the tongue, specifically the TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 receptor heterodimer. This interaction stimulates the perception of sweetness without the caloric content typically associated with sugar. Rebaudioside J is utilized in a variety of applications, particularly in the food and beverage industries, to provide an alternative to sugar and other artificial sweeteners. It is especially valued for its clean taste and low bitterness, making it a sought-after component in calorie-reduced products, such as soft drinks, desserts, and dairy products. Scientists and product formulators often explore its potential in developing healthier options for consumers seeking to reduce sugar intake.