Botanical Source

Quercetin 3-O-gentiobioside is a flavonoid glycoside, which is a plant-derived compound known for its potential health benefits. This compound is predominantly sourced from various plant species, where it functions as part of the plant's defense mechanisms. The mode of action of Quercetin 3-O-gentiobioside primarily involves its antioxidant properties, allowing it to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress within biological systems. Due to these properties, Quercetin 3-O-gentiobioside has been studied for its potential applications in health sciences, particularly in the areas of anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular research. Its ability to modulate enzymatic activity and interact with cellular signaling pathways suggests a range of possible therapeutic uses. Current research focuses on its role in protecting cells from oxidative damage, which may contribute to its protective effects against chronic conditions. As a model compound, it also provides insight into the structure-function relationship of flavonoids and their biological activities.

(+)-Gallocatechin as a bio-antimutagenic compound against UV-induced mutation in Escherichia coli. It is potent in scavenging Fremy’s salt, a synthetic free radical, it possesses antioxidant capacities that is higher or comparable to that of ascorbic acid or Trolox.

Zingibroside R1 has anti-HIV-1 activity.

Ginsenoside Ro is a triterpenoid saponin, which is a secondary metabolite found primarily in Panax ginseng. This compound is isolated from the roots of the ginseng plant, a source well-documented for its rich array of bioactive constituents. Ginsenoside Ro functions through various biochemical pathways, including modulating inflammatory signaling cascades and exhibiting antioxidant activity. It interacts with molecular targets such as enzymes and receptors involved in the inflammatory response, thereby exerting its effects on cellular processes. Ginsenoside Ro's applications are diverse, with its primary uses in the fields of pharmacology and integrative medicine. It is investigated for its potential in managing inflammatory diseases, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorders. Understanding the precise molecular mechanisms of Ginsenoside Ro continues to be an area of active research, aiming to elucidate its full therapeutic potential and optimize its application in clinical settings. This saponin exemplifies the intricate relationship between natural products and modern medicine, providing valuable insights for developing novel therapeutic strategies.

Camelliaside B is a natural product from Camellia oleifera Abel.

Glycitein accounts for 5-10% of the total isoflavones in soy food products, has weak estrogenic activity, comparable to that of the other soy isoflavones but much lower than that of DES and 17beta-estradiol.

Timosaponin BII has anti-diabetes, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-dementia activities, it can significantly reduce the neurotoxicity induced by beta amyloid peptide 25-35 in primary neurons, the mechanism of which may be related with resisting oxidative damage and regulating the cholinergic system.Timosaponin BII can improve the neurological symptoms of cerebral ischemic rat, reduce infarct size, relieve brain water edema, improve hemorheology, reduce inflammatory injury of cerebral ischemia; it could be used in the preparation of a medicament or product for the prevention and treatment of stroke.

Plantamajoside is a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated primarily from Plantago asiatica, which is a perennial herb known for its pharmacological benefits. This compound functions through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, effectively modulating pathways such as the NF-κB signaling and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). These mechanisms contribute to its potential therapeutic effects in managing inflammation and oxidative stress-related conditions. Plantamajoside has garnered attention for its applications in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and dermatitis. Additionally, its antioxidative activity supports its use in combating oxidative-related cellular damage. Current research also explores its role in neuroprotection, as it may help prevent neuronal damage in neurodegenerative diseases. With growing interest in natural product-based therapies, Plantamajoside provides a promising avenue for further investigation in biomedical research.

Diosbulbin B has potential anti-tumor effects which may be related to influencing the immune system for the first time, it also exhibits potential hepatotoxicity.

Nicotiflorin is a flavonoid glycoside extracted from a traditional Chinese medicine Flos Carthami, it has a protective effect against cerebral ischemic damage.

Astragaloside II can downregulate the expression of the P-gp and mdr1 gene, suppress phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2, p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, suggests that Astragaloside II is a potent multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal agent and may be a potential adjunctive agent for hepatic cancer chemotherapy.

Acteoside is a lipase inhibitor, has neuroprotective, anti-obesity,anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, cytotoxic,antihypertensive, analgesic, and antimetastatic activities. Acteoside can promote nerve growth factor and tropomycin receptor kinase A expression, inhibit arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin E2 production induced by 0.5 microM melittin. Acteoside can protect the cells from X-ray induced damage through enhancing the scavenging activity of ROS, decreasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and downregulating the activity of procaspase-3, as well as modulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways.

Wogonin is one major constituent of Scutellaria baicalensis, possesses potent anticancer activities , the activities are largely due to their abilities to scavenge oxidative radicals, to attenuate NF-kappaB activity, to inhibit several genes important for regulation of the cell cycle, to suppress COX-2 gene expression and to prevent viral infections.

Rosin may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammation and neurodegenerative disease.Rosin may cause allergic contact dermatitis in eyeshadow and mascara.

Docetaxel is an antineoplastic drug by inhibiting microtubule depolymerization, and attenuating of the effects of bcl-2 and bcl-xL gene expression.

10-Deacetyltaxol and cephalomannine have cytotoxicity in human glial and neuroblastoma cell-lines, the tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system are sensitive to 10-deacetyltaxol and cephalomannine and these drugs are less toxic than taxol but remain within a therapeutic range.

Dehydrocorydalin has anti-inflammatory,antinociceptive,antiplatelet,and anti-tumor effects and can protect the cardiovascular system. Dehydrocorydaline stimulates p38 MAPK activation, which can enhance heterodimerization of MyoD and E proteins, thus resulting in MyoD activation and myoblast differentiation. Dehydrocorydaline inhibits MCF-7 cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis mediated by regulating Bax/Bcl-2, activating caspases as well as cleaving PARP.

Salireposide is a phytochemical compound, specifically classified as a glucoside. It is derived from Salix species, commonly known as willows. This compound has been identified in the bark and other parts of these plants, where it occurs naturally. The mode of action of Salireposide involves its potential interaction with various biological pathways, possibly exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Its mechanism is thought to include modulation of signaling pathways related to oxidative stress and inflammation, though detailed molecular interactions are still the subject of ongoing research. Salireposide is utilized in scientific studies focusing on its therapeutic potential, particularly in the areas of anti-inflammatory and analgesic applications. Researchers explore its implications in managing conditions associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, contributing to the development of novel therapeutic agents derived from natural products. While its full pharmacological profile is not completely elucidated, Salireposide represents a promising candidate for further investigation in the field of natural product pharmacology.

Gypenoside XVII is a bioactive compound, which is a saponin derived from the plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum, commonly known as Jiaogulan. This compound is part of a broader category of plant-derived triterpenoid saponins that exhibit diverse biological activities. Gypenoside XVII functions primarily through its modulation of signaling pathways, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory mechanisms. It affects key molecular targets and pathways, such as AMPK activation and nitric oxide production, offering potential therapeutic benefits. Gypenoside XVII is being studied for its potential applications in various health-related fields. Its antioxidant properties suggest a role in combating oxidative stress-related diseases, while its anti-inflammatory effects may be beneficial in conditions involving chronic inflammation. Moreover, its influence on lipid metabolism points to possible applications in metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Current research is exploring its therapeutic potential, underlying molecular mechanisms, and possible integration into more comprehensive treatment strategies. As a secondary metabolite from a plant traditionally used in herbal medicine, Gypenoside XVII continues to be an intriguing subject in the exploration of natural products for health improvement.

Notoginsenoside Fe can induce gap junction-mediated intercellular communication (GJIC) reductions; and gap junctions have been shown or are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of many inherited and acquired human diseases, agents that regulate the GJIC function may facilitate prevention and treatment of GJIC-involved diseases.

Hesperidin, a bioflavonoid, is an abundant and inexpensive by-product of Citrus cultivation, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, vasoprotective and anticarcinogenic and cholesterol lowering actions; can improves the health of capillaries by reducing the capillary permeability; can inhibit following enzymes: phospholipase A2, lipoxygenase, HMG-CoA reductase and cyclo-oxygenase.

Kaempferide has a variety of effects including anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties.it can protect DNA from radiation induced lesions resulting from radiation exposures under in vitro and ex vivo conditions.

Quercetin 3-O-(4''-O-acetyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside is a specialized flavonoid glycoside, which is a derivative of the flavonoid quercetin. It is primarily sourced from various plant species known for their high flavonoid content. The compound is characterized by its unique glycosylation pattern, where an acetyl group is esterified to the 4'' position of the rhamnose moiety. The mode of action of this compound involves its potential as an antioxidant, attributed to the quercetin core, which scavenges free radicals and reduces oxidative stress in biological systems. This activity is particularly concentrated in the cellular pathways where oxidative damage is mediated by reactive oxygen species. Quercetin 3-O-(4''-O-acetyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside is often utilized in research focused on natural antioxidants, with applications in pharmacology and biochemistry. It is investigated for its potential benefits in mitigating oxidative stress-related diseases, including cardiovascular ailments and neurodegenerative disorders. Its role as a bioactive compound makes it a subject of interest in exploring natural sources of antioxidants for therapeutic purposes.

Schaftoside has antioxidant activity, it also can inhibit phospholipase, lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, three pro-inflammatory enzymes.

Rebaudioside M is a high-potency sweetener, which is derived from the Stevia rebaudiana plant. It is one of the glycosides found in the leaves of this plant, often extracted and purified for use in a variety of applications. The mode of action for Rebaudioside M involves interacting with taste receptors on the tongue to produce a sweet sensation, without contributing calories or affecting blood glucose levels. This makes it particularly appealing for use in low-calorie and diabetic-friendly products. Rebaudioside M is primarily used in the food and beverage industry as a sugar substitute due to its intense sweetness-often many times sweeter than sucrose. It is preferred in formulations where a reduced-calorie label is desired, and its stability under heat makes it suitable for a range of processing conditions. Furthermore, it is used in combination with other sweeteners to achieve desired taste profiles, improving the overall organoleptic properties of the products. This compound's application extends to beverages, desserts, sauces, and various processed foods, allowing for reduced sugar content while maintaining sweetness.

Steviol glycosides are natural sweeteners, which are extracted from the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant with glycosidic compounds as their principal components. These compounds interact with taste receptors on the tongue, specifically the T1R2 and T1R3 proteins, to produce a sweet sensation via non-caloric pathways, as they do not undergo the metabolic processes typical of carbohydrates. Steviol glycosides' primary use is in the food and beverage industry as a non-caloric sugar alternative, facilitating reduced sugar formulations while maintaining sweetness. They are also employed in pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements, where reduced caloric intake is desired. Due to their high-intensity sweetness and stability under heat and pH variations, steviol glycosides are preferred in various formulations, including baked goods and carbonated beverages. Their natural origin and metabolic neutrality offer advantages for developing health-conscious products.

Betulinaldehyde exhibits antimicrobial activity against reference strains of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. It shows antimycobacterial activity against with values of 25 microg/ml.