Botanical Source

Epimedin A is a naturally occurring flavonoid glycoside, which is a type of compound found in certain plants, specifically within the Berberidaceae family. The primary source of this compound is the plant genus Epimedium, commonly known as Horny Goat Weed. Epimedin A acts by influencing various biological pathways, primarily modulating nitric oxide levels and influencing the signaling pathways associated with cellular proliferation and differentiation. Epimedin A has garnered scientific interest due to its potential uses and applications in the fields of pharmacology and biochemistry. It has been studied for its possible roles in enhancing bone density, which may be beneficial in the treatment of osteoporosis. Additionally, its effects on modulating cardiovascular function and its possible antioxidant properties have been explored. While research is still ongoing to fully elucidate its mechanisms and therapeutic potential, Epimedin A presents an intriguing candidate for further study in the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting age-related and degenerative conditions.

Phellodendrine chloride has anti-nephritic activity, may be due to its ability to inhibit the proliferation or the migration of macrophages and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the glomeruli.

Afzelin, isolated from Cornus macrophylla, has antibacterial effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is 31 μg/mL.

Baohuoside I is a novel immunosuppressive molecule, exhibits antimetastatic, anti-osteoporosis, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Baohuoside I can inhibit the proliferation of Eca-109 cells, this effect associats with down-regulation expression of β-catenin,Cyclin D1,Survivin,and their proteins,which affects on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Beta-eudesmol, a sesquiterpenoid alcohol isolated from Atractylodes lancea rhizome, can inhibit angiogenesis, at least in part, through the blockade of the ERK signaling pathway, suggests that it may aid the development of drugs to treat angiogenic diseases.

20(Z)-Ginsenoside F4 is a bioactive compound, which is derived from the traditional medicinal plant, Panax ginseng. This compound is isolated through advanced extraction techniques aimed at preserving its structural integrity. The mode of action of 20(Z)-Ginsenoside F4 involves interacting with cellular pathways, modulating specific signaling cascades, and exhibiting potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Research suggests that 20(Z)-Ginsenoside F4 can inhibit tumor progression and exert protective effects against oxidative stress by regulating various molecular targets. Its applications extend to both pharmacological research and potential therapeutic development, offering insights into treatment strategies for a variety of conditions, including cancer and inflammatory diseases. The compound serves as a valuable subject for scientists exploring the pharmacodynamics and therapeutic potential of ginsenosides in modern medicine.

Polyphyllin D has anti-angiogenic, and anticancer effects, it induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway as evidenced by decreased Bcl-2 expression levels, disruption of MMP and increased Bax, cytochrome C and cleaved-caspase-3 levels.Polyphyllin D has toxicity in human RBCs as well as its underlying mechanism for the hemolysis and eryptosis/erythroptosis.

Catechin gallate is a minor constituent in green tea catechins, it inhibits the activity of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. Catechin gallate (IC50=53 microM) shows cytotoxicity against the colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line HCT116, it also exhibits strong anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. Catechin 3-gallate is a good inhibitor of maltase, with IC50 values of 62 uM, it inhibits both α-glucosidases and rabbit glycogen phosphorylase (GP) in vitro and in cell culture, would contribute to the protection or improvement of type 2 diabetes.

Chlorogenic acid, a phenolic compound found ubiquitously in plants, is an in vitro antioxidant and metal chelator, some derivatives of chlorogenic acid are hypoglycemic agents and may affect lipid metabolism;in vivo, chlorogenic acid can improve glucose tolerance, decrease some plasma and liver lipids, and improve mineral pool distribution.

Alisol A 24-acetate has antibacterial activity, it also has anti-complement activity against the classical pathway of the complement system with IC50 values of 130 microM. Alisol A 24-acetate can effectively prevent bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice, and that it can be considered a potential therapeutic for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Typhaneoside is a flavonoid glycoside, which is a type of naturally occurring compound found primarily in plants such as those belonging to the genus Typha. Its structure includes a flavonoid backbone linked to one or more sugar molecules, which is typical of glycosides. The source of typhaneoside is generally botanical, deriving from specific plant extracts, particularly those used in traditional medicine. The mode of action of typhaneoside involves its potential to interact with various biological pathways, including antioxidant activity, modulation of signaling pathways, and anti-inflammatory effects. Its molecular interactions with cellular targets may contribute to its diverse range of bioactivities. Typhaneoside is studied for its uses in various pharmacological and therapeutic applications. Research suggests it may possess anti-cancer properties, contribute to cardiovascular health, and exhibit neuroprotective effects. Its potential to affect multiple biological systems makes it a compound of interest in scientific studies focused on natural products and their applications in health and disease management.

Apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide(AG), an active flavonoid derivative isolated from the agricultural residue of Juglans sigillata fruit husks, possesses multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-complement, and aldose reductase inhibitory activities; AG protects mice from LPS-induced endotoxin shock by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine production, suggests that AG may be used as a source of anti-inflammatory agents as well as a dietary complement for health promotion.

Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside is a flavonoid glycoside, which is a naturally occurring compound commonly found in a variety of plant sources, including fruits, vegetables, and herbs. It is specifically derived from plants such as the Ginkgo biloba and other botanical sources that synthesize kaempferol derivatives as secondary metabolites. The mode of action of Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside involves its antioxidative properties, where it effectively scavenges free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress within biological systems. Additionally, it exhibits anti-inflammatory activities by modulating signaling pathways involved in inflammation, such as inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside has several applications in scientific research and potential therapeutic uses. It is utilized to study mechanisms of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory processes, making it valuable in pharmacological and nutraceutical research. Its potential benefits in mitigating oxidative stress-related diseases and inflammatory conditions are of significant interest in the development of dietary supplements and therapeutic agents. Researchers explore its role in cardiovascular health, cancer prevention, and neuroprotection, given its bioactivity in various cellular models.

Isochlorogenic acid C possesses potent hepatoprotective and anti-HBV effects; the anti-apoptotic and anti-injury effects could be achieved by its anti-oxidative properties and interfering the caspase-3 and TGF-beta expressions.;the anti-HBV target may mainly be at the downstream links of HBV replication process and is probably associated with blocking translation step.

Schisandrin B, a kind of ATR and P-gp inhibitor with high safety, has been shown to produce antioxidant effect on rodent liver and heart. It also has anti-photoaging, and presents promising activities for future development of protective agents against CisPt nephrotoxicity. Combination of schizandrin B and paclitaxel(PTX) can enhance anti-tumor effects and relieve side effects of PTX on rats with mammary carcinoma.

Schisantherin A exhibits anti-tussive, sedative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-osteoporotic, neuroprotective, cognition enhancing, and cardioprotective activities. Schisantherin A can significantly attenuate Aβ1-42-induced learning and memory impairment and noticeably improve the histopathological changes in the hippocampus. Schisantherin A exhibits neuroprotection against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)) through the regulation of two distinct pathways including increasing CREB-mediated Bcl-2 expression and activating PI3K/Akt survival signaling.

Isochlorogenic acid A possesses the potent anti-hepatitis B activity and anti-HBV activity, could be achieved by its antioxidative property and induction of HO-1.

6-O-Acetylscandoside is a natural compound classified as an iridoid glycoside, sourced primarily from certain plant species known for their medicinal properties. The molecular structure of this compound includes an acetyl group attached to the 6-O position of scandoside, a modification that is significant in understanding its bioactivity. Iridoid glycosides like 6-O-Acetylscandoside are secondary metabolites in plants, often implicated in defense mechanisms against herbivores and pathogens. The mode of action of 6-O-Acetylscandoside involves modulation of biochemical pathways due to its glycosidic linkage and acetyl modification, potentially influencing enzyme interactions and receptor binding. This alteration can impact cellular processes and signal transduction, making it of interest in pharmacological studies. The applications of 6-O-Acetylscandoside are largely in the field of natural product research, where it is investigated for its potential therapeutic properties, such as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. Its role as a bioactive compound also extends to ecological studies, where understanding its function in plant defense can lead to insights on plant-environment interactions. Further research is crucial to elucidate its pharmacokinetics and potential clinical uses.

Forsythoside A possesses strong antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antiviral effects. it has the potential to prevent IBV infection in vitro, it can promote the expression of IFN-α and Mx1 significantly.Forsythoside A has inductive effects on the activities of CYP1A2 and CYP2C11, without affecting CYP2D1 and CYP3A1/2 activities.

Dehydrodiisoeugenol has anti-inflammatory activity, it inhibited the expression of the COX-2, proteolysis of inhibitor κB-α and transcriptional activity of NF-κB. Dehydrodiisoeugenol can cross the blood-brain barrier rapidly, it may be developed into an effective anxiogenic agent.

Palmatine , a protoberberine alkaloid, is present in preparations from medicinal plants such as Coptis chinensis and Corydalis yanhusuo, palmatine activates the AhR-CYP1A pathway in HepG2 monolayer, while the potential for CYP1A induction is irrelevant in cell systems which are closer to the in vivo situation, i.e. in HepG2 spheroids and primary cultures of human hepatocytes.

Gomisin D is a natural product from Schizandra chinensis.

Cratoxylone exhibits potent activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant strain W2, with the IC₅₀ value belows 3 uM.

Chlorogenic acid has antioxidative activity, superoxide anion radicals, and radical scavenging activity.

Fargesin has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antihypertensive , and anti-bone-resorbing effects, it is widely used in the treatment of managing rhinitis, inflammation, histamine, sinusitis, and headache. Fargesin improves lipid and glucose metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high-fat diet-induced obese mice by activating Akt and AMPK in WAT. It as a potential β1 adrenergic receptor antagonist protects the hearts against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats via attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Luteolin, is a common flavonoid that exists in many types of plants including fruits, vegetables, and medicinal herbs, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-allergy and anticancer, has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for treating various diseases such as hypertension, inflammatory disorders, and cancer.

Ecliptasaponin A has protective effects against the pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin via reducing the oxidative stress, lung tissue inflammation, and the subsequent epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Hispidulin has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antiepileptic, neuroprotective, anti-osteoporotic and bone resorption attenuating effects, it targets the VEGF receptor 2-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in endothelial cells, leading to the suppression of pancreatic tumor growth and angiogenesis. Hispidulin can ameliorate high glucose-mediated endothelial dysfunction via inhibiting PKCβII-associated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NF-κB signaling, it has potential application in the prevention and treatment of diabetic vascular complications. Hispidulin can inhibit platelet aggregation by elevating cAMP levels by a mechanism different from that of theophylline or PGE1.

Ophiopogonin B (OP-B) is a bioactive component of Radix Ophiopogon Japonicus, which is often used in Chinese traditional medicine to treat pulmonary disease, it is a prospective inhibitor of PI3K/Akt and may be used as an alternative compound to treat NSCLC, it also induces apoptosis, mitotic catastrophe and autophagy , has inhibitory effect on adhesion, invasion and migration of A549 cells in vitro.[1-3]

Oxymatrine, one of the major components of Sophora flavescens ait, has exhibited anti-hepatitis virus infection, anti-hepatic fibrosis, anti-inflammation, anti-anaphylaxis and other immune-regulation, it induces human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells apoptosis via regulating expression of Bcl-2 and IAP families, and releasing of cytochrome C.