Botanical Source

Honokiol has antibacterial, anti-angiogenesis, antidepressant-like, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. It inhibited the activation of Akt and enhances the phosphorylation of ERK1/ERK2. It can improve learning, memory impairments and neuroinflammatory processes induced by SCOP in mice, by inhibition of AChE activity.

​Linderene, linderalactone and isolinderalactone inhibit the enzymes from both origins to the same extent.

Pachymic acid (PA) is a natural triterpenoid known to inhibit the phospholipase A2 (PLA(2)) family of arachidonic acid (AA)-producing enzymes, PA-treatment decreases bad phosphorylation, increases Bcl-2 phosphorylation, and activates caspases-9 and -3, it also decreases the expression and activation of proteins within the AKT signal pathway. suggests that PA initiates apoptosis through mitochondria dysfunction and influences apoptosis by reducing prostaglandin .

Orientin has various activities including anti-oxidant, anti-aging, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammation, vasodilatation and cardioprotective, antiadipogenesis, antinociceptive, radiation protective, neuroprotective, and antidepressant-like effects. Orientin protects H9c2 cardio-mytocytes against I/R-induced apoptosis by modulating the mPTP opening, and this role of orientin may involve the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; it also can decrease C/EBPα and PPARγ protein expression level in 3T3-L1 cells.

Scutellarin has many pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, neuroprotection and antiinflammatory activities. It down-regulates the STAT3/Girdin/Akt signaling in HCC cells, and inhibits RANKL-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in osteoclasts.

Echinatin has significant antioxidant and anti-inflammary activities, it shows strong scavenging activity toward the ABTS + radical, it also inhibits the production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS-induced macrophage cells. Echinatin disturbs the mitochondrial energy transfer reactions and membrane permeability, at a low concentration cause deterioration of respiratory control and oxidative phosphorylation of isolated rat liver mitochondria, inhibits DNP-ATPase activity while stimulating range latent ATPase activity.

Arctiin, a lignan isolated from Arctium lappa (burdock) seeds, has a protective effect on 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) -induced carcinogenesis particularly in the mammary gland in the promotion period, it may have a weak co-carcinogenic influence on MeIQx-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.

Daidzein and genistein glucuronides (DG and GG), major isoflavone metabolites, may be partly responsible for biological effects of isoflavones, such as estrogen receptor binding and natural killer cell (NK) activation or inhibition; DG and GG are weakly estrogenic, and they activate human NK cells in nutritionally relevant concentrations in vitro, probably at a site different from IL-2 action.

Ginsenoside Rb3 is a natural saponin compound, which is a type of ginsenoside derived from the root of Panax ginseng. The source of Ginsenoside Rb3, Panax ginseng, is a perennial plant widely utilized in traditional medicine for its pharmacological properties. This compound modulates various biological pathways through its mode of action, primarily influencing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. It interacts with cellular signaling pathways to promote homeostasis, potentially affecting neuroprotective and cardioprotective functions, as well as modulating the immune system. Ginsenoside Rb3 is studied for its potential applications in therapeutic contexts, including the management of cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic syndromes. Its ability to scavenge free radicals and modulate apoptotic pathways makes it a significant subject of research in understanding the underlying mechanisms of aging and chronic diseases. The ongoing investigations aim to elucidate its full spectrum of biological activities and optimize its therapeutic utility.

Fucoxanthin is a brown seaweed pigment that is found in most brown seaweeds, as well as a few other marine sources. It is a xanthophyll, which is a molecule structurally similar to beta-carotene and vitamin A; yet fucoxanthin does not possess vitamin-like activity in the body.

Luteolin-7-O-glucuronide has anti-inflammatory activity. Luteolin 7-O-glucuronide shows potent α-glucosidase inhibitory effect with IC50 values of 14.7 uM, it also exhibits moderate α-amylase activity with IC50 values 61.5uM.Luteolin 7-O-glucuronide could inhibit Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP) activities, with IC50s of 17.63, 7.99, 11.42, 12.85, 0.03 μM for MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-13, respectively.

Decursin has antiepileptic, hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-amnesic activities, it is a novel candidate for inhibition of VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Decursin inhibited the TGF-β1 induced NOX activation and Smad signaling, it inhibited the PKCα, MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Decursin is also a novel inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation in signaling induced by TLR ligands and cytokines.

Picfeltarraenin IA and Picfeltarraenin IB are Potential PI3K and EGFR Inhibitors, they also show stronger AChE inhibition than the known AChE inhibitor Tacrine.

Decursinol may be a beneficial antimetastatic agent, targeting MMPs and its upstream signaling molecules; it inhibits the proliferation and invasion of CT-26 colon carcinoma cells, might via downregulated ERK and JNK phosphorylation. Aspirin-decursinol has neuroprotective effects, may be closely related to the attenuation of ischemia-induced gliosis and maintenance of antioxidants.

Isoliquiritin apioside is a flavonoid glycoside, which is a compound derived from licorice root (Glycyrrhiza species). It exhibits a range of biological activities by influencing various cellular and molecular pathways, often involving antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These effects are primarily mediated through its interaction with cellular signaling cascades, potentially modulating gene expression and enzyme activity. As an active compound, isoliquiritin apioside has garnered significant attention in scientific research due to its potential therapeutic applications. It is used in studies exploring its effects on conditions such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and related metabolic disorders. Research indicates that its antioxidant properties may help mitigate oxidative damage, while its anti-inflammatory effects could offer benefits in managing inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, isoliquiritin apioside's role in various signaling pathways makes it a candidate for investigations into cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. The ongoing research aims to fully elucidate its mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential in clinical settings.

Ginsenoside Rh1 is a bioactive compound, which is a type of ginsenoside. It is derived from the root of Panax ginseng, a plant that has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. Ginsenoside Rh1 modulates various cellular pathways, including those involved in anti-inflammatory and antioxidative responses. This is achieved through its interaction with cellular receptors and enzymes, influencing signaling pathways that regulate cell function and stress responses. Ginsenoside Rh1 has garnered significant scientific interest due to its potential applications in various fields of health research. It is being studied for its neuroprotective properties, which may offer therapeutic value in neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, its ability to modulate immune responses suggests potential benefits in autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases. Researchers are also exploring its anticancer properties, as it may inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. The compound's diverse biological activities make it a promising candidate for further investigation in pharmacology and medicine.

Puerarin is the most abundant of flavonoid derivatives in the root of Pueraria lobata (Willd) Ohwi, has antioxidant activity and can impair CYP-catalysed drug metabolism.

Hederacoside C is a bioactive triterpenoid saponin, which is isolated from the leaves of the common ivy plant, *Hedera helix*. These saponins have been a subject of scientific study due to their significant pharmacological properties. The mode of action of Hederacoside C involves its ability to reduce the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its expulsion from the respiratory tract. This is achieved through its expectorant properties, which stimulate bronchial secretions and improve mucociliary clearance, making it particularly valuable in the treatment of respiratory disorders. The primary applications of Hederacoside C are in the formulation of herbal medicinal products aimed at alleviating symptoms associated with chronic inflammatory bronchial conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchitis. Research has demonstrated its efficacy in improving breathing comfort and reducing cough frequency. Additionally, ongoing studies investigate its broader potential, including anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, which could expand its therapeutic repertoire. As the understanding of plant-derived compounds advances, Hederacoside C continues to draw interest for its therapeutic potential and natural origin.

Notoginsenoside Fc has perfect anti-platelet aggregatory effect.

Aristolochic acid, a potent human carcinogen produced by Aristolochia plants, is associated with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (UUC), exposure to aristolochic acid contributes significantly to the incidence of UUC in Taiwan and endemic (Balkan) nephropathy .

Reference standards.

Cafestol has anticarcinogenic, peripheral antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, it inhibits Cyclic-Strain-induced interleukin-8, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in vascular endothelial cells. Cafestol is a novel extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor with AP-1-targeted inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Cafestol acts as an agonist ligand for both FXR and PXR, and this may contribute to its impact on cholesterol homeostasis. Cafestol has protective effects against the CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity, which possibly involve mechanisms related to its ability to block the CYP2E1-mediated CCl(4) bioactivation and free radical scavenging effects. Cafestol has antidiabetic activity, it increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro and increases glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle cells. Cafestol also has a weak inhibitory effect on osteoclastogenesis and promotes osteoblast differentiation.

Eugenol rutinoside is a bioactive compound, which is derived from certain plant species known for their medicinal properties. It is formed by the glycosylation of eugenol, a phenolic compound, with a rutinoside sugar moiety. This derivation typically occurs in plants such as cloves and other members of the Myrtaceae family. The mode of action of eugenol rutinoside involves its ability to mediate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This is primarily achieved through the scavenging of free radicals and the modulation of inflammatory pathways, thereby reducing oxidative stress and inflammation at a cellular level. Eugenol rutinoside has potential applications in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical fields, owing to its role in mitigating oxidative damage and inflammatory responses. These properties make it a candidate for research into treatments for diseases characterized by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Further exploration into its pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential may yield new insights into its application in modern medicine.

Handelin has anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine productions.

Daucosterol can protect mice against disseminated candidiasis by the CD4+ Th1 immune response.

Tracheloside significantly decreases the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP), an estrogen-inducible marker enzyme, with an IC(50) value of 0.31 microg/ml, a level of inhibition comparable to that of tamoxifen (IC(50) = 0.43 microg/ml).

Nobiletin, a citrus flavonoid isolated from citrus peels like in tangerine, which has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities, it could be a potential protective agent for the prevention and treatment of restenosis after angioplasty. Nobiletin downregulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), suppressed cell viability through AKT pathways.

Scandoside is a bioactive compound, classified as an iridoid glycoside, which is isolated from certain plant species, particularly those belonging to the Apocynaceae and Scrophulariaceae families. This compound is sourced from the leaves and roots of these plants and has attracted scientific interest due to its diverse range of biological activities. The mode of action of Scandoside generally involves interaction with various biochemical pathways, although precise mechanisms can vary depending on the specific biological context. It is known to exhibit antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, likely owing to its structural configuration and its influence on cellular signaling pathways. Scandoside's diverse pharmacological potential makes it a subject of investigation in the development of therapeutic agents. Its uses can span from research applications in the understanding of plant-derived bioactive compounds to potential roles in medicinal formulations designed to exploit its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capabilities. Current studies often focus on its efficacy, safety, and mechanism of action to fully comprehend its therapeutic potential.

Nuezhenide significantly protects human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells from 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity.

Curcumenol possesses a variety of health and medicinal values which includes neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and hepatoprotective activities. It inhibits NF-κB activation by suppressing the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit and blocking IκBα phosphorylation and degradation.