Botanical Source

Farrerol has antioxidative, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic activities, it is a potential candidate for the intervention of endothelial-injury-associated cardiovascular diseases. Farrerol inactivates KEAP-1 or activates the Akt, p38 and ERK to facilitate the release of Nrf2 from Keap1 and subsequent reduces the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species via the induction of HO-1 expression. Farrerol can inhibit angiogenesis through down regulation of Akt/mTOR, Erk and Jak2/Stat3 signal pathway, and can inhibit IL-1β-induced inflammatory responses in osteoarthritis chondrocytes by blocking PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Formononetin causes vascular relaxation via endothelium/NO-dependent mechanism and endothelium-independent mechanism which involves the activation of BK(Ca) and K(ATP) channels.

Saikosaponin A (SSa), a main constituent of the Chinese herb Bupleurum chinense DC, has antiepileptic activity,could inhibit NMDA receptor current and persistent sodium current, and inhibit epileptiform discharges induced by 4AP in a dose-dependent manner.

Forsythoside I is a natural product from forsythia suspense (thunb.) vahl.

Insampaedoksan is a traditional herbal medicine used for antipyretic and antiinflammatory diseases, isoliquiritigenin is the main compound of it , thus , isoliquiritigenin has bioactivity effects such as antioxidant, estrogenic and anticancer.

Silychristin is a plant growth regulator, is an anti-hepatotoxic agent, is also an inhibitor of horseradish peroxidases and lipoxygenase.

Glycyrrhetinic acid, a hydrolysis product of one of the main constituents of licorice, the triterpene glycoside of glycyrrhizic acid, when added to rat liver mitochondria at micromolar concentrations induces swelling, loss of membrane potential, pyridine nucleotide oxidation, and release of cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor; indicates that glycyrrhetinic acid is a potent inducer of mitochondrial permeability transition and can trigger the pro-apoptotic pathway.

Notoginsenoside R1 is a saponin compound, which is a key bioactive ingredient derived from the roots of Panax notoginseng, a well-known traditional medicinal plant. This product is renowned for its diverse pharmacological activities, particularly its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The mode of action of Notoginsenoside R1 involves modulating various signaling pathways, including the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, which are pivotal in regulating the body's inflammatory response. Additionally, it exhibits the ability to scavenge free radicals, contributing to its antioxidative properties. Notoginsenoside R1 is extensively studied for its potential therapeutic applications in managing cardiovascular diseases, due to its vasodilatory and anti-thrombotic activities. It also shows promise in neuroprotection, contributing to research in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. Its multifaceted biological actions make it a significant subject of interest in pharmacological research, particularly in elucidating mechanisms related to inflammation and oxidative stress.

Nardosinone is an enhancer of nerve growth factor and possesses a wide range of pharmacological effects, including sedative, adaptogen-like, anti-depressive, anti-leukemic, anti-tumorous, and anti-trypanosomal activities. It has a wide spectrum of targets including PI3K,Akt,MEK,ERK, PKA, MAPK.

20(s)-Ginsenoside Rh2 is a bioactive compound classified as a saponin, which is derived from the root of the Panax ginseng plant. This compound exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities attributed to its ability to modulate cellular pathways. It exerts its mode of action primarily through the regulation of apoptosis, modulation of immune responses, and inhibition of tumor growth. Mechanistically, it interacts with cellular receptors and signaling molecules, influencing pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK, which are crucial in cell proliferation and apoptosis. The applications of 20(s)-Ginsenoside Rh2 are diverse, particularly in the fields of oncology and neuropharmacology. In cancer research, it has been studied for its potential to induce apoptosis in cancerous cells and reduce tumor size. Additionally, its neuroprotective properties make it a candidate for research in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. Beyond its therapeutic potential, it is of interest for geriatric research due to its purported anti-aging effects. Scientists continue to explore its efficacy and mechanisms, making it a promising compound in the development of new therapeutic agents.

Saikosaponin C (SSC) is one of the saikosaponins that are consisted in a Chinese herb, Radix Bupleuri, it yields a potent effect on inducing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) viability and growth, also induces endothelial cells migration and capillary tube formation.

Vincetoxicoside B , quercetin, kaempferol , and (-)-epicatechin show synergistic antifungal activities with the FICI values <0.5.

Periplocymarin, a cardiac glycoside, has potential anti-cancer activity. Octreotide-conjugated periplocymarin demonstrates tumor selectivity and may be useful as a targeting agent to improve the safety profile of cardiac glycosides for cancer therapy.

Picfeltarraenin IA has anti-inflammatory activity, it is a strong AChE inhibitior, and an potential PI3K and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR ) inhibitor. It acts as an inhibitor on both the classical and alternative pathways of the complement system.

Homoplantaginin shows anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, it also has a protective and therapeutic effect on hepatocyte injury and shows potent inhibitory activities against influenza. Homoplantaginin may be used for the prevention and treatment of endothelial dysfunction associated with insulin resistance, it ameliorates endothelial insulin resistance by inhibiting inflammation and modulating cell signalling via the IKKβ/IRS-1/pAkt/peNOS pathway.

Gelsemine is a highly toxic compound and may be a glycine receptor agonist. Gelsemine has antitumor, anti-hyperlipidemic,anti-oxidative activities,it also has marked antinociception in inflammatory, neuropathic and bone cancer pains without inducing antinociceptive tolerance.

Quercetin is a common antioxidant flavonoid found in vegetables, which is usually present in glycosylated forms, such as quercitrin (3-rhamnosylquercetin), has anti-inflammatory effect which is mediated through the inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway, inhibits cytokine and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression through inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway without modification of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity (both in vitro and in vivo).

Ginsenoside Rg6 is a saponin compound, which is a naturally occurring glycoside found in the plant species Panax ginseng. Ginsenosides are the active pharmacological components of ginseng, recognized for their diverse bioactive properties. Ginsenoside Rg6 specifically acts by modulating multiple signaling pathways, exhibiting effects such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. It interacts with cellular mechanisms to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. The compound is primarily researched for its potential therapeutic applications in managing conditions associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Ginsenoside Rg6 has been shown to influence pathways related to immune response modulation and cell signaling, making it a subject of interest in studies focused on chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. Furthermore, it is explored for its neuroprotective properties, suggesting potential benefits in neurodegenerative disorders. Overall, Ginsenoside Rg6 continues to attract scientific interest for its multifaceted biological activities and potential as a therapeutic agent in various medical fields.

Clinodiside D is a triterpenoid saponin, a specialized type of secondary metabolite that is isolated from various species of sea cucumbers. These marine organisms are well-known for their rich and diverse array of bioactive compounds, which they produce as a natural form of chemical defense against predators and pathogens. The mode of action of Clinodiside D involves the disruption of cellular integrity and signaling pathways within cancer cells, leading to apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation. This cytotoxic effect is achieved through the compound's ability to interact with cellular membranes and modulate key apoptotic pathways. Clinodiside D has been primarily explored for its potential applications in the field of oncology, specifically as an anti-cancer agent. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated its efficacy in attenuating the growth and spread of certain cancer cell lines. Moreover, the compound shows promise in enhancing the effectiveness of traditional chemotherapeutic agents, suggesting potential synergistic applications. While further research is necessary to fully understand its pharmacokinetics and therapeutic window, Clinodiside D represents a promising avenue for the development of novel cancer therapeutics derived from natural marine sources.

Apigenin, a naturally occurring plant flavone (4', 5, 7,-trihydroxyflavone) abundantly present in common fruits and vegetables including parsley, onions, oranges, tea, chamomile, wheat sprouts and some seasonings, has been shown to possess remarkable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties.

Quercetagetin may be a potent inhibitor of the STAT1 signal, which could be a new molecular target for anti-inflammatory treatment, and may thus have therapeutic applications as an immune modulator in inflammatory diseases such as AD. It has stronger inhibitory effects on the protein and mRNA expression of TARC and MDC than other flavonoids.

Seneciphylline, one of the hepatotoxic pyrolizidine alkaloids, has mutagenic activity in Drosophila and their transfer into rat milk.Seneciphylline can significantly increased the activities of epoxide hydrase and glutathione-S-transferase but cause reduction of cytochrome P-450 and related monooxygenase activities.

Phytolaccagenin has promising antifungal activity against ATCC standard cultures of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, and against clinical isolates of these fungi, it also shows inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production, and haemolytic activities.

Limonin is a widely used dietary supplement, one of the most prevalent citrus limonoids, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)activity. It induced a down regulation of TLR-2 ,TLR-4,TNF-α, TNF-α/IL-10,NF-κB and caspase. It showed the potent inhibition of CYP3A4, with IC50 values of 6.20 μM (CYP3A4/testosterone) and 19.10 μM (CYP3A4/midazolam).

Baicalin is a flavonoid and a major component of a herbal medicine, Sho-saiko-to, which is commonly used for treatment of chronic hepatitis in Japan and China. baicalin acts as anti-oxidants, also causes cytotoxic effect,and induces caspase-3 activation and apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway.