Botanical Source

Momordicoside B is a bioactive triterpenoid saponin, which is a compound sourced from the fruit of Momordica charantia, commonly known as bitter melon. This fruit is widely studied for its role in traditional medicine and its diverse pharmacological activities. The mode of action of Momordicoside B involves the modulation of glucose metabolism pathways. It is known to influence the activity of enzymes involved in glucose utilization and insulin sensitization, providing biochemical pathways that mimic insulin activity. In scientific research, Momordicoside B is utilized predominantly for its antidiabetic properties, supporting the regulation of blood sugar levels. Its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects have also attracted interest, making it a compound of study for related metabolic disorders. Additionally, its potential therapeutic applications extend to cancer research, where its ability to induce apoptosis in certain cancer cell lines has been observed. This compound continues to be a subject of interest due to its natural origin, multifaceted biological activity, and potential contributions to the development of therapeutic agents targeting complex metabolic conditions.

Astragaloside IV, a saponin isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, has been shown to protect the myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury, it also has beneficial effect in H/R-induced injury may be related to normalization of SR Ca2+ pump expression and, thus, it may prevent the depression in SR Ca2+ handling.

Astilbin has insecticidal, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities, it may act as an efficient therapeutic agent for arthritis like cyclosporine A but with less toxicity, its mechanism includes a selective suppression on lymphocyte functions via reducing MMP and NO production. Astilbin can exert an early renal protective role to diabetic nephropathy (DN), inhibit production of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF).Astilbin also alleviates contact hypersensitivity through a unique mechanism involving a negative cytokine regulation through stimulating IL-10, which is distinct from the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A.

a-Acetyl digoxin is a metabolite of digoxin, a type of cardiac glycoside. It is derived from the parent compound digoxin, which is sourced from the leaves of the Digitalis plant. The modification at the acetyl position renders this metabolite with altered biological properties compared to the original compound. a-Acetyl digoxin acts through inhibition of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump, similar to digoxin, but does so with significantly reduced activity. This compound is primarily used in pharmacological research to understand the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of digoxin in biological systems. Its presence can inform on metabolic pathways and help discern the enzymatic processes involved in digoxin bioavailability and clearance. Researchers often analyze a-Acetyl digoxin to study its implications in drug interactions and its potential impact on therapeutic efficacy. It serves as a model to elucidate cardiac glycoside pharmacology in a laboratory setting, rather than being utilized directly as a therapeutic agent.

Cistanoside A possesses protective activities on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in mice, which is involved with increasing free radicals clearing activities, alleviating lipid-overoxidation damage, and improving respiratory chain function in mitochondria.

AstragalosideΙ(As-Ι), one of the main active ingredients in Astragalus membranaceus, As-I stimulates osteoblast differentiation through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which also activates the BMP pathway and RANK pathway, thus highlighting the As-Ιfor pharmaceutical and medicinal applications such as treating bone disease.

7,4'-Di-O-methylapigenin 5-O-xylosylglucoside is a flavonoid glycoside, which is a naturally occurring compound derived from certain plants. It belongs to the class of flavonoids, known for their diverse biological activities. The compound is structured with a flavone core and carries xylose and glucose sugar moieties, contributing to its solubility and bioavailability. The mode of action of 7,4'-Di-O-methylapigenin 5-O-xylosylglucoside is largely centered around its ability to interact with cellular receptors and enzymes, thus modulating various biochemical pathways. It is known to exhibit antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals and may influence signal transduction pathways related to inflammation and cellular stress responses. This flavonoid glycoside's potential uses and applications are primarily in the field of biomedical research, where it serves as a valuable molecular tool for studying the effects of glycosylated flavonoids on cellular processes. Furthermore, its bioactive properties suggest possible applications in the development of therapeutic agents aimed at managing oxidative stress-related disorders, although more research is required to confirm its efficacy in clinical settings.

3,6'-Disinapoyl sucrose has neuroprotective effect and antidepressive activity in rats, at least in part, by increasing expression of cyclic AMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) and its downstream target protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). 3,6'-Disinapoyl sucrose protect neuron cells from glutamate-induced excitotoxicity include the downregulation of proapoptotic gene Bax and the upregulation of antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2.

Harpagide has neuroprotective effect, it can obviously protect acute cerebral ischemia in mice,its therapeutical effects are approached to protecting the activity of brain mitochondria and decreasing protein expression level of caspase-3; harpagide also has a potential for prevention of bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice by regulating the stimulation of osteoblast differentiation and the suppression of osteoclast formation. Harpagide may have anti-inflammatory efficacy.

Jaceosidin and Eupatilin are bioactive flavones found in the medicinal herbs of the genus Artemisia, exhibit various antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiallergic, and antitumor activities, jaceosidin is a competitive inhibitor of CYP1A2 with a K(i) value of 3.8 microM and a mixed-type inhibitor of CYP2C9 with K(i) value of 6.4 microM in human liver microsomes.

Nystose has antioxidant capacity. Nystose and 1-Kestose can modulate the intestinal Microorganisms flora, a high content of kestose and nestose in the diet can cause a decrease in ileal and cecal pH (to 5.42 and 5.49, respectively)of turkeys, which may promote digestion.

Escin Ib inhibits gastric emptying, at least in part, mediated by capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves, to stimulate the synthesis and/or release of dopamine, to act through central dopamine2 receptor, which in turn causes the release of PGs.

Pectolinarin is a flavonoid compound that can be classified as a natural bioactive molecule, which is derived primarily from specific plant sources, particularly within the Asteraceae family. This compound exhibits a range of biochemical activities through its mode of action as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. It effectively scavenges free radicals and inhibits inflammatory pathways, thereby reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses at the cellular level. The uses and applications of Pectolinarin are predominantly in the field of biomedical research. It is studied for its potential therapeutic effects in addressing chronic inflammatory conditions, oxidative stress-related disorders, and as a cytoprotective agent in various cellular models. Furthermore, Pectolinarin is of interest due to its potential role in modulating key biological signaling pathways, suggesting its utility in the development of novel pharmacological strategies for health and disease management. Its action as a natural product highlights its relevance in the study of plant-derived compounds for therapeutic purposes.

Isoforsythiaside, a novel phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from Forsythia suspensa, has antioxidant effect and antibacterial activity, may be as the alternative antioxidants and antibacterial agents from natural origin.

Baicalin, saikosaponins, and baicalein have antitumor effects on human hepatoma cell lines and bladder cancer cell lines.[1,2]

Camelliaside A is a natural product from Camellia oleifera Abel.

Phloretin-3-hydroxy-2'-O-glucoside is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, specifically a type of dihydrochalcone. It is derived primarily from apples, where it is present as a glycoside form of phloretin. The compound's mode of action involves its strong antioxidant properties, scavenging free radicals, and reducing oxidative stress within biological systems. This capability plays a critical role in protecting cellular components from damage and preserving cellular integrity. The uses and applications of Phloretin-3-hydroxy-2'-O-glucoside are diverse, primarily centered on its potential health benefits. Recent studies have explored its implications in mitigating inflammation and supporting cardiovascular health. Furthermore, its role as an antioxidant makes it a subject of interest in food science, particularly concerning the preservation of food quality and enhancement of nutritional value. Its pharmacological potential also prompts ongoing research into its possible therapeutic applications, including its efficacy in disease prevention and health promotion, particularly concerning age-related and oxidative stress-related conditions.

Paclitaxel is a potent anticancer medication which can promote microtubule (MT) assembly, inhibits MT depolymerization, and changes MT dynamics required for mitosis and cell proliferation. Paclitaxel can induce ototoxicity in rats.

Epimedin A,epimendin B, epimendin C, icariin and baohuoside are flavonoids, main active ingredient in Epimedium, have clear anti-osteoporosis effect, the accumulation of epimedins A, B, C, and icariin in a traditional medicinal plant could be suppressed by light stress.

Schinifoline has cytotoxic activity, it also shows in vitro radiosensitising, cell cycle and apoptotic-inducing effects.

Ononin, an isoflavonoid, was isolated from the soils of cultivated areas associated with the perennial weed,Pluchea lanceolata, aqueous solutions of this compound can significantly inhibit root and shoot growth of mustard at 1×10(-4) M, 5×10(-4) M, and 1×10(-3)M.

Lupeol has a potential to act as an anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-protozoal, anti-proliferative, anti-invasive, anti-angiogenic, antimalarial and cholesterol lowering agent.

Ginsenoside Rh4 is a bioactive compound, which is a type of saponin. It is derived from Panax ginseng, a plant that has been used traditionally in herbal medicine. The mode of action of Ginsenoside Rh4 involves modulating various biochemical pathways, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. This compound influences the expression of cytokines and reactive oxygen species, contributing to its potential therapeutic effects. The uses and applications of Ginsenoside Rh4 are currently being explored in scientific research. It is being studied for its potential role in promoting cardiovascular health, enhancing immune function, and mitigating cancer cell proliferation. Other areas of interest include its neuroprotective effects and possible benefits in metabolic disorders. However, the precise mechanisms and clinical efficacy of Ginsenoside Rh4 remain subjects of ongoing research, warranting further investigation to fully elucidate its therapeutic potential.

Vaccarin exhibits extensive biological activities including vascular endothelial cell protective effects, it can significantly promote neovascularization by enhancing protein expression of p-Akt , p-Erk, and CD31, and selectively protect vascular endothelium from dysfunction induced by H2O2.

Cynaropicrin is a potent activator of the AhR-Nrf2-Nqo1 pathway, and could therefore be applied to prevention of UVB-induced photo aging; it may be a potential anticancer agent against some leukocyte cancer cells such as lymphoma or leukemia, through pro-apoptotic activity. Cynaropicrin shows in vivo activity against Trypanosoma brucei. Cynaropicrin possesses immunomodulatory effects on cytokine release, nitric oxide production and immunosuppressive effects. Cynaropicrin also has anti-inflammatory effects, it may participate in the inflammatory response by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators and the proliferation of lymphocytes and its inhibitory effect is mediated through conjugation with sulphydryl groups of target protein(s).

Sarsasapogenin is a steroidal sapogenin, that is the aglycosidic portion of a plant saponin. It is named after sarsaparilla (Smilax sp.), a family of climbing plants found in subtropical regions. It was one of the first sapogenins to be identified, and the first spirostan steroid to be identified as such.  The identification of the spirostan structure, with its ketone spiro acetal functionality, was fundamental in the development of the Marker degradation, which allowed the industrial production of progesterone and other sex hormones from plant steroids.

An isoflavone glycitin is isolated from the licorice, which has good inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase with IC50of 0.5646 mg·mL- 1, better than the position control acarbose.

Daidzin is a potent, selective inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase with a Ki of 40 nM, and uncompetitively with respect to the coenzyme NAD+.

Chrysosplenetin is a metabolic inhibitor of artemisinin, it has strong activity in vitro against EV71 with low cytotoxicity. Co-administration of artemisinin(ART) with chrysosplenetin(CHR) in ratio of 1:2 achieved a synergic anti-malarial effect partly because of the noncompetitive or uncompetitive inhibition of CHR of drug-metabolism enzymes, especially CYP3A which is closely related to the auto-induction of ART.

Cucurbitacin B (cucB) is a triterpenoid constituent of Cucurbitaceae vegetables and a promising phytochemical for cancer prevention, cucB induces G(2) arrest and apoptosis through a STAT3-independent but ROS-dependent mechanism in SW480 cells.

Parishin A has good neuroprotective effects against brain disorders.

Naringin 4'-O-glucoside is a flavonoid glucoside, which is a metabolite derived from citrus fruits, particularly grapefruit. It is characterized by the attachment of a glucose molecule to the naringin flavonoid structure, which enhances its water solubility and absorption in biological systems. The primary source of Naringin 4'-O-glucoside is the peel and pulp of citrus fruits, where it functions naturally as a defense compound against pathogens and as a contributor to the fruit's bitterness. In terms of mode of action, Naringin 4'-O-glucoside exerts its biological effects through its antioxidant properties, scavenging free radicals and thereby reducing oxidative stress in cells. This activity is possibly mediated through the modulation of various cellular pathways, including the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the enhancement of cellular antioxidant enzyme activities. Scientifically, Naringin 4'-O-glucoside is utilized in research focused on its potential therapeutic roles in cardiovascular health, metabolic syndrome, and as an adjunct in reducing oxidative damage. Its utility extends to food and pharmaceutical applications, where its ability to improve health markers is of particular interest in developing functional foods and nutraceuticals.