Botanical Source

Oroxylin A has anticancer,.anti-inflammation, antithrombotic,antibacterial, anti-pruritic effects, it can inhibit LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 gene expression by blocking NF-κB activation. Oroxylin A reverses MDR by G2/M arrest and the underlying mechanism attributed to the suppression of P-gp expression via Chk2/P53/NF-κB signaling pathway. Oroxylin A facilitates memory consolidation through brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling.

Chonglou Saponin VII is a bioactive glycoside, which is derived from the rhizomes of traditional Chinese medicinal plants, often sourced from the species Paris polyphylla. As a steroidal saponin, its mechanism of action involves altering cellular activities by interacting with cell membranes and signaling pathways, leading to a range of pharmacological effects. The primary applications of Chonglou Saponin VII are in advanced scientific research, where it is explored for its potential therapeutic effects. Notably, it has been studied for its anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. By modulating signaling cascades and inducing apoptosis, it holds promise in inhibiting tumor growth and addressing inflammatory-related conditions. Researchers are particularly interested in its ability to selectively target cancer cells, making it a candidate for developing novel anticancer therapies. Additionally, its traditional use in herbal medicines underscores its potential as a supplement in integrative healthcare. While its clinical applications are still under investigation, Chonglou Saponin VII remains a compound of great interest due to its diverse biological activities.

Neogambogic acid , an active ingredient in garcinia, can inhibit the growth of some solid tumors and result in an anticancer effect, it may be responsible for the inhibition of proliferation of human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 cells.

​Brevilin A is a strong impetus for the development of selective JAK-STAT inhibitors and therapeutic drugs in order to improve survival of patients with hyperactivated JAKs and STATs. Brevilin A shows antigiardial activity (IC50 = 16.1 μM) and is similarly active in vitro against Entamoeba histolytica (IC50 between 4.5 and 9 μM) and against Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 = 9.42 μM).

Glycyrrhizin is a natural triterpenoid and the main active ingredient of licorice. In humans, the main side effects are increasing blood pressure (hypertension) and of enhancing the risk of hypokalemia-induced disorders, i.e. caused by low potassium levels in blood (Omar, 2012). Used as a flavouring agent, glycyrrhizin is the triterpenoid compound behind the sweet taste of licorice. Glycyrrhizin is naturally present at concentrations up to 25% in the roots of the Glycyrrhiza glabra. In mice, rats, and human cancer cell lines, glycyrrhizin is an antioxidant and a DNA-protective agent with additional, multiple anticancer activities.

Sesaminol possesses antioxidative activity, can inhibit lipid peroxidation in rat liver and kidney.

Betulonic acid has anti-cancer , anti-HIV,hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities, it has antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus, it also suppresses ECHO 6 virus reproduction. Betulonic acid derivatives have a promising cytostatic activity in vitro and could be used as potential leads for the development of new type of anti-cancer agents.

Jujuboside B is a bioactive compound, which is a triterpenoid saponin derived from the seeds of Ziziphus jujuba, known as the jujube plant. This compound is primarily found in the plant’s seeds and is extracted using various chromatography techniques. Jujuboside B exhibits its mode of action through modulation of neurotransmitter systems and antioxidative defense mechanisms, which contribute to its neuroprotective and anxiolytic effects. Additionally, it influences the GABAergic system, enhancing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission. The uses and applications of Jujuboside B are primarily focused on its potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of neurological disorders. It has shown promise in preclinical studies for its sedative and anxiolytic properties, suggesting possible applications in managing anxiety and sleep-related disorders. Furthermore, due to its antioxidative properties, Jujuboside B may offer protective benefits against neurodegenerative conditions. Current research continues to explore its mechanism of action and therapeutic potential in various model systems, aiming to substantiate its efficacy and safety for potential clinical use.

Jervine exhibits cytotoxic activity against human tumor cell lines A549, PANC-1, SW1990 and NCI-H249, it induces COX-2 overexpression in human erythroleukemia cells. Jervine exhibits potent toxic effects against Colorado potato beetle.

Clinopodiside G is a natural product, specifically a triterpenoid saponin, which is derived from the plant Clinopodium chinense. This compound is extracted from the roots and aerial parts of the plant, which are traditionally used in herbal medicine. The mode of action of Clinopodiside G involves interactions with cellular membranes and proteins, which may modulate signaling pathways and exhibit various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects. The uses and applications of Clinopodiside G are primarily centered on its potential therapeutic benefits. In scientific research, it is studied for its ability to contribute to the development of new drugs targeting inflammatory diseases and cancer. Its activity in modulating biological pathways suggests potential applications in pharmacology and biochemistry, where it serves as a candidate for further investigation in preclinical studies. The ongoing research aims to elucidate its mechanism of action more comprehensively, to harness its therapeutic potential effectively. Such studies are crucial to understanding how Clinopodiside G can be integrated into novel treatment strategies, highlighting its significance in the realm of natural product research.

Narcissoside is a good 15-LO and α-glucosidase inhibitor, it with synergism of B.flavum flavonoid and rutin, could be responsible for stronger protection against mitochondrial induced oxidative stress.

Genistein, the major phytoestrogen in soy, is linked to diminished female reproductive performance and to cancer chemoprevention and decreased adipose deposition; genistein-induces hypermethylation persisted into adulthood, decreases ectopic Agouti expression and protecting offspring from obesity, suggests that in utero dietary genistein affects gene expression and alters susceptibility to obesity in adulthood by permanently altering the epigenome.

Sinapine thiocyanate has antioxidant activities and is hepatoprotective in a dose-dependent manner, implies that Brassica rapa seeds could be developed as a functional food for hepatoprotection.

Tectochrysin is a promising inhibitor for the reversal of ABCG2-mediated drug transport, it leads to apoptotic cell death in NSCLC cells through activation of DR3 and Fas expression via inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation.Tectochrysin has antioxidant effect, it also exhibits a significant hepatoprotective activity in hepatic damage induced by CCl4-intoxication in rats.

Theaflavins(TF) has antioxidant activity, the TF present in black tea possess at least the same antioxidant potency as catechins present in green tea, and that the conversion of catechins to TF during fermentation in making black tea does not alter significantly their free radical-scavenging activity.[1,2]

​Wedelolactone is a potent Î2-arrestin-biased G protein-coupled receptor-35 (GPR35) agonist, GPR35 has been shown to be a target of the asthma drugs cromolyn disodium and nedocromil sodium. Wedelolactone has anti-inflammatory, growth inhibitory, anti-cancer, anti-fibrotic, and pro-apoptotic effects. Wedelolactone stimulates ER genomic and non-genomic signalling pathways; it can significantly inhibit the activation of LX-2 cells, the underlying mechanisms of which included inducing Bcl-2 family involved apoptosis, up-regulating phosphorylated status of ERK and JNK expressions, and inhibiting NF-κB mediated activity.

Dulcoside A is a natural sweetening agent, which is a type of steviol glycoside. It is derived from the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant, a perennial shrub native to regions in Paraguay and Brazil. The mode of action of Dulcoside A involves its interaction with taste receptors on the human tongue, particularly the T1R2/T1R3 sweet taste receptor, to produce a sensation of sweetness. In terms of applications, Dulcoside A is utilized primarily in the food and beverage industry as a zero-calorie sweetener. Its high sweetness potency, estimated at approximately 30 to 40 times that of sucrose, makes it advantageous for consumers seeking to reduce caloric intake without sacrificing flavor. Furthermore, its stability under heat and a wide pH range supports its use in a variety of products, from baked goods to beverages. The growing interest in plant-derived ingredients boosts its relevance in scientific research focused on nutrition and metabolic health, especially in the context of diabetes and obesity management.

Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate(TF3), an inducer of oxidative stress, which has anti-inflammatory and cancer chemopreventive actions, it reduces tumor angiogenesis by downregulating HIF-1αand VEGF; suggests that TF3 might serve as a potential anti-angiogenic agent for cancer treatment. TF3 and lactic acid combinations can reduce Herpes Simplex Virus(HSV) infectivity.

Empagliflozin 6-O-β-D-glucuronide is a metabolite of the drug empagliflozin, which is a type of product known as a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. This compound is derived from the in vivo metabolism of empagliflozin, originally sourced from synthetic pathways designed to enhance the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its mode of action involves the facilitation of glucose excretion through the kidneys by inhibiting renal reabsorption of glucose, thus lowering blood glucose levels. Empagliflozin 6-O-β-D-glucuronide is particularly useful in research applications as it helps in understanding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SGLT2 inhibitors. This provides insights into the metabolic pathways and efficacy of empagliflozin, contributing to the optimization of therapeutic strategies for diabetes management. The study of this metabolite can enhance drug development and improve understanding of long-term effects and safety profiles.

Linderane (LDR), a furan-containing sesquiterpenoid, is found in Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm, a common traditional Chinese herbal medicine, was characterized as a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP2C9.

Gypsogenin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside shows inhibitory activity toward pancreatic lipase with IC50 value of 0.29 mM, and the free carboxylic acid groups in position 28 within its chemical structures are required for enhancement of pancreatic lipase inhibition.

Hydroxy-β-sanshool is a pungent compound, it can cause oral numbness.

Oroxin B can selectively induce tumor-suppressive ER stress and concurrently inhibit tumor-adaptive ER stress in B-lymphoma cells for effective anti-lymphoma therapy.

Plantamajoside has antibacterial activity, and has inhibition activity against cAMP phosphodiesterase and 5-lipoxygenase and antioxidant activity.

Rebaudioside B is a type of steviol glycoside, which is a naturally occurring compound extracted from the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant. This plant, native to Paraguay, is known for its intensely sweet leaves, which have been utilized for centuries by indigenous peoples for sweetening purposes. The mode of action of Rebaudioside B involves interaction with the taste receptors on the tongue, specifically targeting the sweet receptor subunits. This interaction triggers a sweetness perception that is significantly more potent than that of sucrose, making it an effective sugar substitute with virtually no caloric contribution. Applications of Rebaudioside B extend primarily to the food and beverage industry, where it serves as a non-caloric sweetener in products designed for calorie reduction without sacrificing taste. Its stability under heat and pH variations also makes it suitable for various food processing conditions. In scientific research, ongoing studies are examining its potential health benefits, particularly in the context of blood glucose management, making it a compound of interest in metabolic and nutritional studies.

4-Hydroxy-2-methoxyphenol 1-O-(6-O-syringoyl)glucoside is a phenolic glycoside, which is derived from plant sources, particularly in certain tree barks and leaves known for their rich polyphenolic content. This compound is a conjugate of glucoside and syringoyl moieties, contributing to its unique structural and functional properties. The mode of action of this compound involves its ability to act as an antioxidant, likely through electron donation that neutralizes free radicals, thereby mitigating oxidative stress within biological systems. In scientific research, 4-Hydroxy-2-methoxyphenol 1-O-(6-O-syringoyl)glucoside is explored for its potential applications in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Its activity as an antioxidant makes it of significant interest in the development of treatments aimed at managing diseases linked with oxidative damage, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, its derivation from natural sources may offer advantages in terms of biocompatibility and reduced toxicity, thus making it a compelling candidate for inclusion in health-enhancing products. While its comprehensive efficacy in clinical settings is still under investigation, the compound continues to be a focus of advanced phytochemical and pharmacological studies.