Botanical Source

Platycodon D (PD) and D3 (PD3) isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum has been previously reported to show anti-inflammatory activities in rats, PD may stimulate TNF-α synthesis or inhibit degradation of TNF-α mRNA, suggest a dichotomous regulation of these important proinflammatory mediators by PD and PD3.

Coniferin has ATP-dependent transport activity; the extracts of the Balanophora involucrate and trans-Coniferin have anti-oxidation effects; the chromogenic coniferin analog show the exclusive presence of beta-glucosidase activity in the differentiating xylem, similar to peroxidase activity.

Notoginsenoside Ft1 is a novel stimulator of angiogenesis, it stimulates angiogenesis via HIF-1α-mediated VEGF expression, with PI3K/AKT and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascades concurrently participating in the process; it has the potential therapeutic effect on human neuroblastoma, it can arrest the proliferation and elicited the apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells possibly via p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 pathways.Notoginsenoside Ft1 activates both glucocorticoid and estrogen receptors to induce endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide-mediated relaxations in rat mesenteric arteries. Notoginsenoside Ft1 also provides a great potential application of it in clinics for patients with diabetic foot ulcers, it may accelerate diabetic wound healing by orchestrating multiple processes, including promoting fibroblast proliferation, enhancing angiogenesis, and attenuating inflammatory response.

4-O-(α-D-Glucopyranosyl) moranoline is an iminosugar that functions as an effective glycosidase inhibitor, specifically targeting enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. It is derived from natural sources such as mulberry leaves, where it is produced as a defense compound against herbivores. This substance interferes with the activity of α-glucosidases by mimicking the transition state of the glycosidic bond cleavage, thereby preventing the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into glucose. The primary application of 4-O-(α-D-Glucopyranosyl) moranoline is in the treatment and investigation of diabetes mellitus. By inhibiting the intestinal glucosidases, it effectively blunts postprandial blood sugar spikes, offering a mechanism to control hyperglycemia. Additionally, it serves as a critical tool in biochemical research to explore various pathways and molecular targets associated with carbohydrate digestion. Its specificity and efficacy make it a subject of continued study within the therapeutic development for metabolic disorders.

Tenuifolin is an effective compound from tenuigenin, is commonly used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for memory loss, has no inherent toxicity to either the transfected or wild type cells at the effective concentrations, it inhibits amyloid-β secretion in vitro.

Icariside I is a metabolite product of Icariin.