Botanical Source

Icariin inhibits PDE5 and PDE4 activities with IC50s of 432 nM and 73.50 μM, respectively. Icariin also is a PPARα activator. Icariin has been reported to have anti-hypoxic, phytoestrogenic, anti-osteoporotic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-depressant-like activities. Icariin is effective in the attenuation of AHR and chronic airway inflammatory changes in OVA-induced murine asthma model, and this effect is associated with regulation of Th17/Treg responses. Icariin inhibited NF-κB signaling activation and the NLRP3-inflammasome/caspase-1/IL-1β axis.

Momordicoside K is a triterpenoid saponin, which is derived from the bitter melon plant, scientifically known as *Momordica charantia*. This compound predominantly occurs in the fruit and leaves of the plant. As a phytochemical, Momordicoside K contributes to the plant’s defense mechanisms against pests and environmental stress. The mode of action of Momordicoside K involves modulating various biochemical pathways. It is known to exert potential anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects by influencing cellular pathways and enzyme activities associated with glucose metabolism and inflammation. These modulatory effects make it a compound of interest in the development of therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders. Momordicoside K is primarily studied for its uses in the management and treatment of diabetes, given its ability to improve glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory properties hold promise for treating inflammatory-related conditions. Research continues to explore its full potential, including any synergistic effects with other phytochemicals and its overall efficacy in clinical applications.

In vitro, procyanidin C1 (PC1) dose-dependently decreased Fc epsilon RI-mediated degranulation and cytokine production of mast cells, inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk and linker for activation of T cells, and the ROS generation in stimulated mast cells.PC1 suppresses Fc epsilon RI-mediated mast cell activation by inhibiting intracellular signaling pathways, These observations provide evidence for the anti-allergenic effects of the procyanidin-enriched apple extract.

Berberine hydrochloride (berberine), a natural plant alkaloid derived from Chinese herbal medicine, is characterized by diverse pharmacological effects, such as anticancer and lower elevated blood glucose, it can prevent adhesion by downregulating ICAM-1 and reduce inflammation by inhibiting the TAK1/JNK and TAK1/NF-κB signaling after abdominal surgery, which brings out a good therapeutic approach for the development of clinical application for postoperative abdominal adhesion and inflammation.