Botanical Source

Deoxyshikonin and dodecyl gallate show significantly synergic antimicrobial activity with penicillin in vivo and in vitro, and can effectively reduce nasopharyngeal and lung colonization caused by different penicillin-resistant pneumococcal serotypes. Deoxyshikonin exerts very good radical scavenging activities toward ABTS+ but shows moderate inhibition of DPPH·, and shows cytotoxic activities. Deoxyshikonin may be a new drug candidate for wound healing and treatment of lymphatic diseases.

Pelargonidin-3-O-sophoroside is a specialized flavonoid glycoside, which is derived from certain plant sources. It is primarily isolated from various fruits and flowers where it contributes to pigmentation, specifically imparting hues such as red and pink. The compound functions through its role as a pigment by absorbing specific wavelengths of light, which can protect the plant tissues from excess UV radiation and attract pollinators. In addition to its role in pigmentation, pelargonidin-3-O-sophoroside exhibits antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals. This can help in protecting cells from oxidative stress and potential damage. Its antioxidant activity makes it of interest in research related to oxidative stress-related conditions and in developing natural antioxidant therapies. Applications of pelargonidin-3-O-sophoroside are primarily focused on basic and applied plant research, particularly in understanding anthocyanin biosynthesis, plant breeding, and developing cultivars with desirable pigmentation traits. Additionally, due to its antioxidant properties, it is investigated in the context of dietary supplements and natural preservatives for food products, albeit primarily in research settings.

Tuberostemonine has antitussive activity, acts in part as an open-channel blocker at the crayfish neuromuscular junction; it also exhibits relatively higher intestinal permeabilities.

Wogonoside has anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anticancer effects, it may exert its anti-inflammatory effect via dual inhibition of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome. Wogonoside induced autophagy through the MAPK-mTOR pathway, it inhibited LTB 4 production at the concentration of 100 uM.

Tubuloside A has anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and hepatoprotective activities. Tubuloside A shows stronger free radical scavenging activities than alpha-tocopherol on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XOD) generated superoxide anion radical (O2-.).

Sinensetin is a polymethoxylated flavonoids in citrus fruit, as a novel antiangiogenesis agent, has potential for anti-carcinogenesis, antitumor, and cardiovascular protective activity.

Momordicoside L is a triterpenoid saponin, which is a class of chemical compounds predominantly found in plants. It is derived from Momordica charantia, commonly known as bitter melon, a plant which has been traditionally utilized in various medicinal practices. The mode of action of Momordicoside L involves its capacity to influence cellular pathways, particularly through the modulation of glucose metabolism and potential anti-inflammatory effects. This is achieved via the interaction with specific cellular receptors, thereby impacting signal transduction processes. The applications of Momordicoside L are primarily in the realm of biomedical research, where its potential therapeutic benefits are being explored. It is investigated for its possible roles in the management of metabolic disorders, including diabetes, given its effects on glucose homeostasis. Additionally, preliminary studies indicate its utility in modulating inflammatory responses, making it a candidate for further research in inflammatory diseases. Thus, Momordicoside L serves as an intriguing subject for scientific investigation due to its multifaceted biological activities and potential health benefits.

Astragaloside III can effectively reduce cancer cell survival in vitro and inhibit the tumor growth in vivo, the potential mechanism is the induction of cell apoptosis signaling pathways, suggests that it provides a new therapeutic tool to treat breast cancer.

p-Vinylphenyl O-[b-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-6)]-b-D-glucopyranoside is a glycoside compound, which is typically derived from plant sources. It is characterized by its unique structure, comprising a phenolic moiety linked to a disaccharide sugar chain. Glycosides like this one are commonly found in nature and are known for their diverse roles in plant metabolism and potential biological activities. The mode of action of p-Vinylphenyl O-[b-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-6)]-b-D-glucopyranoside involves its interaction with specific cellular targets, which may include enzymes or receptor sites, influencing various biochemical pathways. Such actions can lead to a variety of biological effects, depending on the specific interactions and the system in which they occur. This compound is of interest in scientific research for its potential applications in pharmacology and biochemistry. Researchers explore its use as a model compound to study glycosidic bonds and investigate its potential therapeutic properties. Additionally, it serves as a tool in understanding plant-derived bioactive compounds, contributing to fields such as drug discovery and natural product research.

Benzoylmesaconine (BEN, an aconitine derivative extracted from heated-Aconiti tuber) induces the generation of CD4+ T cells antagonistic to type 2 T cells (BEN-CD4+ T cells), the combination therapy of IL-12 (an inducer of type 1 T cell responses) and BEN (an inhibitor of type 2 T cell responses) may protect TI-mice from severe HSV-1 infection.

Gypenoside XLIX is a saponin compound, which is derived from the plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum, commonly known as Jiaogulan. This plant is a valuable source of various gypenosides, which are structurally similar to ginsenosides found in ginseng. Gypenoside XLIX acts primarily through modulating cellular pathways, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and apoptotic processes. It interacts with cell signaling mechanisms, potentially influencing metabolic and cardiovascular health. Gypenoside XLIX is being studied for its wide-ranging pharmacological applications. Research has shown that it may possess neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects, making it a focus in studies related to neurodegenerative diseases and myocardial ischemia. Additionally, its role in enhancing immune function and promoting cellular homeostasis opens avenues for further exploration in cancer research. While studies are ongoing, its multifaceted actions suggest potential in therapeutic interventions and preventative healthcare strategies.

Mycothiol (MSH or AcCys-GlcN-Ins) is an unusual thiol compound found in the Actinobacteria. It is composed of a cysteine residue with an acetylated amino group linked to glucosamine, which is then linked to inositol. The oxidized, disulfide form of mycothiol (MSSM) is called mycothione, and is reduced to mycothiol by the flavoprotein mycothione reductase. Mycothiol biosynthesis and mycothiol-dependent enzymes such as mycothiol-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase and mycothione reductase have been proposed to be good drug targets for the development of treatments for tuberculosis. This material is provided as a solid in dried buffer improve stability. MSH can readily be prepared from MSSM. Due to the rapid oxidation of MSH to MSSM, only MSSM can be shipped.

Narirutin has anti-inflammatory effect in a murine model of allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation, the mechanism is likely to be associated with a reduction in the OVA-induced increases of IL-4 and IgE, suggests that narirutin may be an effective new tool in the treatment of bronchial asthma.

Angoroside C has anti-inflammatory effect , it can significantly inhibit LPS-induced PGE(2), NO and TNF-alpha in a concentration-dependent manner; it also exhibits cytotoxic and cytostatic activities against several kinds of cancer cells. Angoroside C has beneficial effects against ventricular remodeling, the mechanism is likely to be related to decreasing the level of Ang Ⅱ, attenuating the mRNA expressions of ET-1 and TGF-β1.

Memantine lactose adduct is a synthetic pharmaceutical compound, which is derived from memantine, a well-known NMDA receptor antagonist, conjugated with lactose. This compound is sourced through chemical synthesis processes that aim to explore alternative formulations and derivatives of memantine to enhance delivery and bioavailability. Memantine acts by blocking the NMDA receptor in the central nervous system, which can prevent excitotoxicity caused by overactivation of glutamate neurotransmission. The conjugation with lactose is hypothesized to facilitate improved pharmacokinetic properties, potentially allowing for better absorption or controlled release. In scientific settings, memantine lactose adduct is primarily researched for its potential applications in treating neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders that involve excitotoxic neuronal damage. Researchers are particularly interested in its capacity to provide neuroprotective effects, making it a subject of ongoing preclinical and clinical studies aimed at advancing therapeutic options in neuropharmacology.

Formononetin 7-O-glucoside-6''-O-malonate is a naturally occurring flavonoid compound, which is often derived from various plant sources, particularly those in the legume family. It is a malonylated glucoside derivative of formononetin, a well-known isoflavone. This compound plays a significant role in the plants' defense mechanisms and contributes to their physiological processes. The mode of action of Formononetin 7-O-glucoside-6''-O-malonate largely centers around its potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. By interacting with cellular pathways, it can modulate the activity of enzymes and receptors involved in oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby exhibiting potential protective effects against cellular damage. In scientific research, Formononetin 7-O-glucoside-6''-O-malonate is studied for its potential applications in promoting human health. Its antioxidant capabilities suggest a role in protecting cells from oxidative stress, while its anti-inflammatory properties may have implications in the management of inflammatory conditions. Further investigation is ongoing to fully elucidate its range of biological activities and potential therapeutic applications.

Liensinine is a human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) inhibitor and a novel autophagy/mitophagy inhibitor, which can antagonize the ventricular arrhythmias. It exerts remarkable effect against thrombosis and possesses strong effect against platelet aggregation and coagulation.

Nomilin has immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), cancer chemopreventive, antiangiogenic, anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic effects. Nomilin inhibits tumor-specific angiogenesis by downregulating VEGF, NO and proinflammatory cytokine profile and also by inhibiting the activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9. It inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro by suppression of NFATc1 and MAPK signaling pathways, indicates that nomilin-containing herbal preparations have potential utility for the prevention of bone metabolic diseases.

Linarin is a flavone glycoside in the plants Flos chrysanthemi indici, Buddleja officinalis, Cirsium setosum, Mentha arvensis and Buddleja davidii, possesses analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities.

(R)-Ginsenoside Rg2 is a naturally occurring bioactive compound derived from the roots of the Panax ginseng plant. It is classified as a saponin, known for its significant pharmacological potential. The source of (R)-Ginsenoside Rg2 lies in the ginsenosides, specific triterpenoid saponins found in ginseng, which have been extensively studied for their health-promoting properties. The mode of action of (R)-Ginsenoside Rg2 involves numerous biochemical pathways, including modulation of signaling pathways associated with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. It has the capability to influence neuroprotective activities and can alter the expression of various genes related to neurological functions and immune response. Applications of (R)-Ginsenoside Rg2 are diverse, primarily due to its therapeutic potential. It has been investigated for its role in enhancing cognitive functions, providing neuroprotection, and supporting cardiovascular health. Its use in research is particularly focused on understanding its effects on central nervous systems and its potential as a treatment in neurodegenerative diseases. This makes (R)-Ginsenoside Rg2 an intriguing subject in pharmacological and clinical studies, bringing forth its potential contributions to future therapeutic developments.

20-(S)-Ginsenoside F2 is a bioactive compound isolated from the roots of Panax ginseng, a plant renowned for its diverse pharmacological properties. As a saponin glycoside, it is derived through the enzymatic hydrolysis of major ginsenosides like Rb1. The compound functions primarily through modulating various cellular pathways, including apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation via its interaction with membrane receptors and intracellular signaling molecules. The compound has demonstrated potential in the fields of oncology, cardiovascular health, and neuroprotection. Its anti-cancer effects are notable, achieved by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibiting metastatic pathways. Additionally, 20-(S)-Ginsenoside F2 exhibits cardioprotective properties through its antioxidative action and modulation of lipid metabolism. In neurological applications, it offers neuroprotective benefits, potentially ameliorating neurodegenerative disorders through attenuation of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. These multifaceted mechanisms render 20-(S)-Ginsenoside F2 a subject of significant interest in the development of novel therapeutic agents, particularly due to its natural derivation and potential for minimal adverse effects compared to synthetic pharmaceuticals.

Spirosolane-type steroidal alkaloid glycoside found in ripe cherry tomato

Vitexicarpin has shown antitumor, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and immunoregulatory properties.Vitexicarpin can act as a novel angiogenesis inhibitor, it exerts good antiangiogenic effects by inhibiting vascular-endothelial-growth-factor-(VEGF-) induced endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and capillary-like tube formation on matrigel in a dose-dependent manner. It can significantly reduce vascular inflammation, through inhibition of ROS-NF-κB pathway in vascular endothelial cells.

gamma-Mangostin is a dual agonist that activates both PPARδ and PPARα, is also a novel competitive antagonist for the 5-HT2A receptors in vascular smooth muscles and platelets.gamma-Mangostin has free radical scavenging activity, and antiproliferative and apoptotic activity in HepG2 cells, and exhibits antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, analgesic effects. gamma-Mangostin could as a preventive agent of the metabolic syndrome, and could serve as a micronutrient for colon cancer prevention.

Genistin and daidzin are among the major isoflavonoids in soybeans and soy products,

Myricitrin exhibits hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory,antioxidant, anti-allergic, antinociception, anxiolytic-like, and antipsychotic-like effects. Myricitrin can be used as a drug candidate for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, by effectively protecting cells from ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell apoptosis and reducing atherosclerotic plaque formation. Myricitrin is also a nitric oxide (NO) and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor that has central nervous system activity.

Naringin dihydrochalcone, sometimes abbreviated to naringin DC, is an artificial sweetener derived from naringin, a bitter compound found in citrus. Naringin dihydrochalcone is a phloretin glycoside, 500 - 700 times sweeter than sucrose.

Glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt has wound healing activity.

Scutellarein has antioxidant, antitumor, anti-adipogenic, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities, it can improve neuronal injury, has better protective effect in rat cerebral ischemia. Scutellarein may serve as a SARS-CoV chemical inhibitor, it also exerts strong inhibition towards the tested UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms.

Honokiol has antibacterial, anti-angiogenesis, antidepressant-like, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. It inhibited the activation of Akt and enhances the phosphorylation of ERK1/ERK2. It can improve learning, memory impairments and neuroinflammatory processes induced by SCOP in mice, by inhibition of AChE activity.