Botanical Source

Germacrone, a natural product isolated from Rhizoma curcuma, can inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through mitochondria-mediated caspase pathway.

Clinodiside A is a triterpenoid saponin, which is a type of secondary metabolite found in certain marine sponges. The source of this compound is primarily marine organisms, particularly sponges in the genus Cliona. Clinodiside A operates through various biochemical pathways, including disrupting cell membrane integrity and inducing apoptosis in certain cell types. This mode of action is particularly relevant in the context of inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and providing antitumor activities. The uses and applications of Clinodiside A extend to research areas focused on developing novel therapeutic agents. Scientists explore its potential in drug development due to its bioactive properties, especially its anticancer and antiviral capabilities. Research into Clinodiside A also explores its role as a natural product in studying marine chemical ecology and its implications in biotechnology related to marine-sourced pharmaceuticals. These attributes make Clinodiside A a compound of interest in ongoing scientific investigations into marine-derived bioactive substances.

Pinoresinol diglucopyranoside is a lignan glycoside, which is a type of polyphenolic compound. It is predominantly sourced from various plant species, including flaxseeds, sesame seeds, and olives. This compound is distinguished by its intricate glycosidic linkages, which play a crucial role in its biological activity. As an antioxidant, pinoresinol diglucopyranoside functions by neutralizing free radicals, thus reducing oxidative stress in cells. Its mode of action involves modulating biochemical pathways and interacting with specific cellular receptors to exert protective effects against cellular damage. In research settings, pinoresinol diglucopyranoside has attracted attention for its potential applications in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. It is studied for its cardiovascular benefits, potential anti-cancer properties, and role in regulating lipid metabolism. Its ability to modulate inflammatory responses further underscores its significance in developing therapeutic agents aimed at chronic conditions. Given its biological activities, pinoresinol diglucopyranoside continues to be a subject of interest for scientists exploring natural compounds with health-promoting qualities.

Onjisaponin B, derived from Radix Polygalae, can enhances autophagy and accelerates the degradation of mutant α-synuclein and huntingtin in PC-12 cells.

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Gypenoside I is a saponin compound, which is a natural product sourced from the medicinal plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum, also known as Jiaogulan. This plant is native to Asia and has been used in traditional medicine due to its wide range of purported health benefits. The mode of action of Gypenoside I involves its interaction with various biological pathways, particularly those related to oxidative stress and metabolic regulation. It is known to exhibit antioxidant properties, which help in scavenging free radicals, and may influence pathways that regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. The uses and applications of Gypenoside I are primarily in the field of experimental and therapeutic research. It is investigated for its potential adaptogenic effects, which may help in improving resilience to stress. Moreover, studies have suggested its role in modulating immune function, providing cardiovascular protection, and possibly offering neuroprotective benefits. Research continues to explore its pharmacological efficacy and safety profile in various in vitro and in vivo models, aiming to better understand its potential therapeutic applications.

Atractylone has inhibitory effects on mast cell-mediated allergic reactions, it regulates the degranulation of mast cell, proves its potential in the treatment of mast cell-mediated allergic reactions.

Liquiritigenin, an aglycone of liquiritin in G. radix , exerts cytoprotective effects against heavy metal-induced toxicity in vitro, can protect the liver from acute injuries induced by APAP or from APAP-induced severe injuries during GSH deficiency.

Notoginsenoside R1(NR1) is the main ingredient with cardiovascular activity in Panax notoginseng, which has some neuronal protective, antihypertensive,antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and immune-stimulatory activities. NR1 can counteract endotoxin-induced activation of endothelial cells in vitro and endotoxin-induced lethality in mice in vivo. NR1 inhibits TNF-α-induced PAI-1 overexpression via extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK1/2) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB) signaling pathways, it attenuates amyloid-β-induced damage in neurons by inhibiting reactive oxygen species and modulating MAPK activation.

Mesaconitine increases the [Ca2+]i level in endothelial cells by influx of Ca2+ from extracellular spaces, suggests that mesaconitine-induced Ca2+ influx and activation of nitric-oxide synthase in endothelial cells and, thus, induced vasorelaxation in rat aorta.

Pinoresinol diglucoside is a putative α-glucosidase inhibiting compound, has antihypertensive activity. It is a heat shock factor 1 inducer, increased expression of HSF1 by a factor of 1.041 at 3 μM.

Salvianolic acid and notoginseng triterpenes can promote EA-hy926 and expression of protein, have protective effects on angiogenesis in EA-hy926 cells in vitro.

Arjungenin shows β-glucuronidase inhibitory activity, it shows antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities. Arjungenin exhibits moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis (MICs within a range of 64 and 256 ug/mL). Arjungenin shows significant protection against domoic acid induced toxicity in Caco-2 cell line.

Linderalactone shows significant inhibitory effects on superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils in response to fMLP/CB, the IC50 is 8.48 microg/mL.

Rutin is a natural antioxidant, all doses can diminish reactive oxygen species and high doses (10-100 microM) decrease malondialdehyde concentration; induce favorable changes in the antioxidant defense system of cultured HepG2 that prevent or delay conditions which favor cellular oxidative stress.

Caftaric acid is an inhibitor of the protein-protein interactions mediated by the Src-family kinases, which has anti-mutagenicity. Caftaric acid is the major dietary polyphenol present in various foods, it before methamphetamine injections can prevent liver toxicity and oxidative stress.

Eriocitrin is powerful antioxidative flavonoid, it can prevent oxidative damages caused by acute exercise-induced oxidative stress, it also has lipid-lowering effect in rats on a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. Eriocitrin is a potent inhibitor of human carbonic anhydrase VA isozyme.

Oridonin has anticancer activity, might be useful as adjunctive therapy for individuals with lymphoid malignancies, including the lethal disease adult T-cell leukemia.It inhibits tumor growth in glioma by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, inhibits BxPC-3 cell growth through cell apoptosis.

Kahweol has anticarcinogenic, anti-angiogenic,and anti-inflammatory activities, it can block the LPS-induced activation of NF-kappaB by preventing IkappaB degradation and inhibiting IkappaB kinase activity. Kahweol also has hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in mice.

Baccatin III, which is the precursor for the semisynthesis of paclitaxel,exerts anti-tumor immunomodulatory activity in very low doses (0.05-0.5mg/kg),it reduces tumor progression by inhibiting the accumulation and suppressive function of MDSCs. Baccatin III also exerts immunomodulatory activities in vivo as well as in vitro on the MHC-restricted antigen presentation.

Kirenol possesses anti-bacteria, immunosuppression, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-arthritic activities. Kirenol has significant potential for its discovery as a new lead compound for management of topical pain and inflammation; it can upregulate nuclear Annexin-1 which interacts with NF-κB to attenuate synovial inflammation of collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Kirenol can attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting differentiation of Th1 and th17 cells and inducing apoptosis of effector T cells. Kirenol activates the BMP and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.

Delphinidin 3-sambubioside chloride is a natural anthocyanin, which is a type of plant-derived flavonoid pigment. It is commonly sourced from various fruits and flowers, contributing to their vivid coloration. The mode of action of this compound primarily involves its antioxidant capabilities. It stabilizes free radicals, thus reducing oxidative stress within cells. Delphinidin 3-sambubioside chloride has been explored for its potential applications in the fields of biochemistry and pharmacology. Its antioxidant properties make it a subject of interest for research into anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and cardioprotective activities. In addition to its biochemical applications, it is also used as a natural colorant in various industries. Scientific investigations continue to elucidate its full range of biological effects and possible therapeutic roles.

Ziyuglycoside II has a wide range of clinical applications including hemostasis, antibiosis, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. Ziyuglycoside II has inhibitory effect on the growth of MDA-MB-435 cells, it induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through activation of ROS/JNK pathway in human breast cancer cells.Ziyuglycoside II methyl ester possess improved anti-diabetic properties, and has hepato-renal protective activities in type 2 diabetes.

Polygalic acid, a triterpenoid saponin, shows expectorant, emetic and stimulant effects.

Diammonium glycyrrhizinate is a bioactive compound, which is derived from the licorice root, Glycyrrhiza glabra. This product functions primarily as an anti-inflammatory agent by modulating the body's immune response and inhibiting enzymes that promote inflammation, such as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. Its mode of action involves the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can lead to reduced inflammation and relief from related symptoms. Diammonium glycyrrhizinate is used in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications due to its medicinal properties. It is commonly incorporated into topical formulations to manage skin conditions such as eczema and dermatitis, as well as in oral products to support the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions. The compound's ability to enhance skin barrier function and its soothing effects make it valuable for both therapeutic and skincare purposes. Scientific research continues to explore its potential benefits in modulating immune responses, offering insights into its broad applicability in both clinical and dermatological settings.

Poricoic acid A(F) shows anti-inflammatory activity. It is a potential whitening active ingredient, it exhibits good inhibitory effects on the activities of monophenolase and diphenolase in mushroom tyrosinase, as well as a certain inhibitory effect on tyrosinase in B16 cells.

Farrerol has antioxidative, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic activities, it is a potential candidate for the intervention of endothelial-injury-associated cardiovascular diseases. Farrerol inactivates KEAP-1 or activates the Akt, p38 and ERK to facilitate the release of Nrf2 from Keap1 and subsequent reduces the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species via the induction of HO-1 expression. Farrerol can inhibit angiogenesis through down regulation of Akt/mTOR, Erk and Jak2/Stat3 signal pathway, and can inhibit IL-1β-induced inflammatory responses in osteoarthritis chondrocytes by blocking PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway.