Botanical Source

Momordin 1e is a triterpenoid saponin, which is an active biological compound, derived from the plant species Momordica charantia, commonly known as bitter melon. This compound is sourced primarily from the seeds and fruit of the plant and is known for its diverse biochemical activities. The mode of action of Momordin 1e involves the inhibition of viral replication, making it a subject of interest in antiviral research. It is hypothesized to disrupt viral RNA synthesis, which prevents the proliferation of the virus within host cells. The principal applications of Momordin 1e are in the study of antiviral therapies. Given its potential to inhibit different types of viruses, it is being explored as a natural antiviral agent. Researchers are particularly interested in its effects on limiting the spread of certain viral infections. While still under investigation, the compound's unique properties could contribute to the development of new therapeutic agents. This makes Momordin 1e a significant focus in pharmacological studies aimed at understanding and utilizing plant-derived compounds in modern medicine.

Luteolin-7-O-glucoside and luteolin at concentrations lower than 20 muM, significantly suppresses the productions of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) in bacterial lipopolysaccharide activated-mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells without introducing cytotoxicity; the inhibitory effects were further attributed to the suppression of both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression, and not reduced enzymatic activity.

Harpagoside has anti-inflammatory effects, it blocks lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bone loss in an inflammatory osteoporosis model, and it does not prevent ovariectomy-mediated bone erosion in a postmenopausal osteoporosis model, it may lead to a partial prevention of obesity-induced atherosclerosis by attenuating inflammatory responses. Harpagoside suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression through inhibition of NF-κB activation. Harpagoside exerts neuroprotection effect and ameliorates learning and memory deficit appears to be associated, at least in part, with up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) content as well as activating its downstream signaling pathways, e.g., MAPK/PI3K pathways.

Aconine can inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells by suppressing NF-κB and NFATc1 activation and DC-STAMP expression.

Peonidin-3-O-rutinoside chloride is an anthocyanin compound, which is a type of flavonoid pigment. This compound is naturally sourced from various plant species, prominently found in berries and flowers, contributing to their rich red and purple hues. The mode of action of Peonidin-3-O-rutinoside chloride involves its potent antioxidant capabilities, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in biological systems. Additionally, it can modulate cell signaling pathways, influencing gene expression and enzyme activities related to inflammation and cancer progression. In scientific research, Peonidin-3-O-rutinoside chloride is utilized to explore its therapeutic potentials, particularly in the fields of nutrition and medicine. Its efficacy in reducing oxidative damage makes it a subject of interest in studies relating to cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Furthermore, its impact on cellular pathways offers valuable insights into its role in disease prevention mechanisms and potential as a natural therapeutic compound. Researchers also investigate its bioavailability and metabolism to optimize its incorporation into functional foods or supplements.

Vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside is a naturally occurring flavonoid glycoside, which is primarily sourced from various medicinal plants, including certain species within the plant family Lamiaceae. This compound is known for its unique molecular structure, where the flavonoid vitexin is bound to a rhamnose sugar moiety at the 2-O position. Its mode of action involves antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and potential cardioprotective properties, which are attributed to its ability to modulate signaling pathways, scavenge free radicals, and inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators. Vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside's applications are diverse, with significant interest in its potential therapeutic benefits and biochemical research uses. It is often a subject of studies exploring its role in metabolic and cardiovascular health, due to its effects on enzyme modulation and cellular protective mechanisms. Additionally, it is investigated for its neuroprotective and hepatoprotective roles in various experimental models. Researchers continue to explore its pharmacokinetics and bioavailability to fully understand its potential in clinical and nutraceutical contexts.

Epimedin B is a flavonoid glycoside, which is a bioactive compound extracted from the plant Epimedium, commonly known as "Horny Goat Weed." This compound belongs to a group of naturally occurring molecules that are known for their diverse pharmacological properties. The primary mode of action of Epimedin B involves interaction with various signaling pathways in the body, notably influencing nitric oxide synthesis, which plays a critical role in vasodilation and blood flow regulation. In scientific research, Epimedin B has been explored for its potential applications in promoting cardiovascular health, enhancing bone density, and exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects. Its capacity to modulate enzymatic activities and interact with cellular receptors opens avenues for further exploration in therapeutic contexts. Researchers are particularly interested in its potential role in managing osteoporosis and improving endothelial function. As a subject of ongoing study, Epimedin B exemplifies the intricate relationship between natural compounds and their biomedical applications, warranting extensive investigation to substantiate and expand upon initial findings.

Aristolochic acid II (AAII), one of the major components of the carcinogenic plant extract aristolochic acid, is known to be mutagenic and to form DNA adducts in vitro and in vivo,

Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside (K3G), isolated from C. alata as an abundant flavonoid glycoside, K3G has antiinflammatory activity, shows weak inhibitory effects on Concanavalin A-induced histamine release, 5-lipoxygenase, and COX-1.

Calendoflavoside is a flavonoid-based compound, which is an extract derived from the calendula plant, known for its rich flavonoid content. It functions primarily through the modulation of inflammatory pathways, acting on specific signaling molecules to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. This mode of action is particularly valuable in therapeutic contexts, as it allows Calendoflavoside to target and mitigate inflammation at the cellular level. In scientific research, Calendoflavoside is explored for its potential applications in managing inflammatory conditions, such as those found in dermatological and rheumatological disorders. Its anti-inflammatory properties also make it a topic of interest in the study of chronic diseases where inflammation is a key component. Moreover, the antioxidant capabilities of Calendoflavoside provide an additional layer of protection against cellular damage. Researchers continue to investigate its efficacy and safety profile to better understand its therapeutic potential and possible integration into anti-inflammatory treatment frameworks.

Rosavin and rhodiola rosea extracts decrease neovascular reaction on cutaneous angiogenesis induced in mice after grafting of syngeneic tumor cells.

Typhaneoside is possibly the main active component in the bioactive fraction of Shaofu Zhuyu decoction, Shaofu Zhuyu decoction may have direct inhibitory effects on the contractility of the mice uterus. It has an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of human umbilical arterial smooth muscle cells(HUASMC) with a wide range of effective dose but the effect is started slowly.

10-Deacetyl-7-xylosyl paclitaxel has long been used in Chinese clinics to treat cancer, it may target mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP).

Dendrobine, isolated from Dendrobium nobile, an antagonist of β-alanine, taurine and of presynaptic inhibition in the frog spinal cord.

(20R)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is a triterpenoid saponin, which is a bioactive compound isolated from the root of Panax ginseng. This product is an integral part of traditional medicine and is now being extensively studied in modern pharmacological research. As a ginsenoside, Rg3 exerts its effects primarily by modulating cellular pathways, inhibiting angiogenesis, and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. The compound's mode of action involves the downregulation of PI3K/Akt pathways and the inhibition of NF-kB signaling, which are crucial in controlling cell proliferation and survival. Additionally, (20R)-Ginsenoside Rg3 has shown capabilities in preventing metastasis and enhancing the efficacy of traditional chemotherapy agents, thereby providing a promising adjuvant treatment. Its applications are broad, with ongoing research into its potential efficacy against various cancers, including lung, breast, colon, and liver cancers. Beyond oncology, (20R)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is being studied for its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fatigue properties, offering potential benefits in other chronic diseases.

Phloretin 2'-O-xylosyl-glucoside is a natural glycoside compound, which is derived from the xylosylation and glucosylation of phloretin, commonly found in certain fruits like apples. It is a biochemical derivative formed through enzymatic reactions involving specific glycosyltransferases in plant tissues. The mode of action of this compound primarily involves its antioxidant properties, where it serves to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress within biological systems. Phloretin 2'-O-xylosyl-glucoside is explored for its potential uses in pharmacological and cosmetic applications, primarily due to its capability to protect cellular structures from oxidative damage. Its specific configuration allows enhanced stability and solubility, making it a candidate for use in topical formulations aimed at skin protection and rejuvenation. Research also indicates possible preventative roles in chronic diseases where oxidative stress is a known contributing factor. Given its natural origin and biological activity, it is a subject of interest in developing functional ingredients for skincare products and nutritional supplements.

Oroxin A is a xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor, it exerts its antibreast cancer effects by inducing ER stress-mediated senescence, activating the key stress signaling pathway, and increasing key ER stress genes and expression levels.

Rebaudioside G is a steviol glycoside, which is a natural sweetening compound derived from the leaves of the plant Stevia rebaudiana. This compound is one of several glycosides responsible for the sweet taste of stevia, which is native to South America and has been used for centuries for its sweetness. The mode of action of Rebaudioside G involves binding to the sweet taste receptors on the human tongue. These receptors, known as TAS1R2 and TAS1R3, are part of the G-protein coupled receptor family. Upon binding, the glycoside triggers a signal transduction pathway that leads to the perception of sweetness. Rebaudioside G is primarily used as a non-caloric sweetener in various food and beverage applications. It provides a sweet taste without the calories associated with sugar, making it highly desirable for formulating low-calorie and sugar-free products. In addition to its use in the food industry, Rebaudioside G's stability under heat and pH variations makes it suitable for a range of applications, including pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, where maintaining sweetness without compromising integrity is essential.

Camelliaside A is a saponin compound, which is a type of secondary metabolite predominantly occurring in certain plant species. It is derived from the seeds of Camellia sinensis, commonly known as the tea plant. The molecular structure of Camelliaside A features a glycosidic linkage, contributing to its bioactive properties. The mode of action for Camelliaside A involves its antioxidant activity, where it effectively scavenges free radicals, thereby mitigating oxidative stress in biological systems. This antioxidative mechanism is primarily attributed to its ability to donate electrons, thus neutralizing potentially harmful reactive oxygen species. In terms of its applications, Camelliaside A is being investigated for its potential benefits in health and medicine, particularly in its role as a natural antioxidant. It is also of interest in food and cosmetic industries for its stability and bioactive properties. Furthermore, research into its activity as a saponin is ongoing, with studies exploring its potential biological effects and benefits in various therapeutic contexts.

Isorhamnetin, a natural flavonol aglycon, is a tyrosinase inhibitor and has anti-adipogenic, cardioprotective, anti-tumor, and antioxidant activities. it inhibits the H(2)O(2)-induced activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway via ROS scavenging and ERK inactivation, it inhibits NF-κB signaling. Isorhamnetin prevents angiotensin II (AngII)-induced endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting the overexpression of p47(phox) and the subsequent increases O2-production, resulting in increased nitric oxide bioavailability.

Rebaudioside N is a naturally occurring steviol glycoside, which is a type of molecule known for its sweetening properties. This compound is sourced from the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant, a species native to South America renowned for its natural sweetness due to the presence of various glycosides. Rebaudioside N and other similar compounds are part of a broader category of non-caloric sweeteners that have gained attention due to their desirable taste profiles and natural origin. The mode of action of Rebaudioside N involves interaction with taste receptors on the human tongue. It binds to the T1R2/T1R3 sweet receptor complex, inducing a sweet perception without contributing calories or raising blood glucose levels, making it a suitable alternative for individuals seeking to manage caloric intake or glycemic response. In terms of applications, Rebaudioside N is primarily used in the formulation of food and beverage products aiming to reduce sugar content without sacrificing sweetness. Its stability under heat and pH variations makes it versatile for various culinary applications. Research is ongoing to explore its efficacy and potential benefits in specialized dietary contexts, advancing its use in nutritional science and food technology.

Flavokawain B, the hepatotoxic constituent from kava root, induces GSH-sensitive oxidative stress through modulation of IKK/NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Flavokawain B has potent anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities, it can significantly inhibit production of NO and PGE2 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Flavokawain B acts through ROS generation and GADD153 up-regulation to regulate the expression of Bcl-2 family members, thereby inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in HCT116 cells.

Artemisinic acid, is the immediate precursor of the semi-synthesis artemisinin, could be a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, high-quality and reliable source of artemisinin;and artemisinin is highly effective against multi-drug-resistant Plasmodium spp.

Liquiritin, a flavone compound derived from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it can effectively reverse alteration in immobility time and sucrose consumption, can increase SOD activity, inhibit lipid peroxidation, and lessen production of MDA, demonstrates that a potential antidepressant-like effect of liquiritin treatment on chronic variable stress can induce depression model rats, which might be related to defense of liquiritin against oxidative stress.

Aloeemodin is able to interact with DNA under certain in vitro conditions, however, in vivo it is negative did not indicate a genotoxic potential, thus, it may be assumed that a genotoxic risk for man might be unlikely.

Kaempferol is a polyphenol antioxidant found in fruits and vegetables, has beneficial effects in reducing the risk of chronic diseases, especially cancer, it may help to promote the development of cancer by augmenting the body's antioxidant defence against free radicals,and inhibit cancer cell growth and angiogenesis and induce cancer cell apoptosis.

Berberine, a naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloid, has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties in some in vitro systems; berberine-induced apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells is mediated primarily through the caspase-dependent pathway, the effectiveness of berberine in checking the growth of androgen-insensitive, as well as androgen-sensitive, prostate cancer cells without affecting the growth of normal prostate epithelial cells indicates that it may be a promising candidate for prostate cancer therapy.

Medicagenic acid, the factor responsible for hemolytic activity of lucerne saponins.Medicagenic acid derivatives exhibit potent fungistatic effects against several plant pathogens and human dermatophytes.

(-)-Syringaresinol-4''-O-b-D-monoglucopyranoside is a lignan compound, which is a type of phenolic derivative found in plants. It is typically isolated from various plant species, where it plays a role in plant defense and structural integrity. The compound possesses a complex chemical structure, characterized by the presence of a glucose moiety linked to the syringaresinol core. The mode of action of (-)-Syringaresinol-4''-O-b-D-monoglucopyranoside involves various biochemical interactions, potentially influencing cellular pathways through antioxidant or anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These actions are primarily due to its ability to modulate free radicals and inhibit inflammatory mediators, contributing to its bioactivity. In terms of applications, (-)-Syringaresinol-4''-O-b-D-monoglucopyranoside is of interest in pharmacological research, with studies focusing on its potential therapeutic benefits. It is being investigated for its roles in combating oxidative stress-related disorders, providing neuroprotection, and exerting cytoprotective effects. Additionally, it may serve as a lead compound for developing novel therapeutic agents targeting various diseases. Scientists continue to explore its bioavailability, efficacy, and safety to fully harness its potential in medicinal chemistry.

Isoanhydroicaritin is a natural product from Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.