Botanical Source

Neohesperidin is a natural new nutrition sweetener, widely existing in plants of dry citrus peel, which can be derived from extraction; since the sweetness is 1,300-1,500 times greater than that of sugar, neohesperidin are widely used in fruit juices, wines, beverages, bakeries and pharmaceutical formulations, and are particularly suitable for consumption by diabetic patients.

Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, significantly reduces the generation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides by primary neuron cultures generated from the Tg2576 AD mouse model, brain-targeted quercetin-3-O-glucuronide may simultaneously modulate multiple independent AD disease-modifying mechanisms , thus, it may contribute to the benefits of dietary supplementation with red wines as an effective intervention for AD.

Costunolide, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the root of Saussurea lappa Clarke, has a variety of biological activities, including anti-carcinogenic and anti-fungal activities,

Atractyodin biosynthesis could be promoted by endophytic fungal elicitor mediated through NO followed by salicylic acid by activating ACC in A.lancea.

Benzoylaconine and aconitine can induce reproductive toxicity in BeWo Cell, the amino acid metabolism was the main metabolic pathway and responsible for the placental and fetal toxicity of them.

3-oxo-Olean-12-en-28-oic acid and kulinone have cytotoxic effects, with IC50 values of 5.6-21.2 μg/mL.

Rosarin is a natural product from Rhodiola rosea L.

Rebaudioside O is a high-intensity sweetener, which is a steviol glycoside isolated from the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant. This molecule, like other steviol glycosides, is characterized by its ability to provide a sweetening effect without the caloric contribution typical of carbohydrates. The mode of action for Rebaudioside O involves its interaction with the sweet taste receptors on the tongue, specifically the TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 receptor subtypes, which leads to the activation of sweet perception pathways in humans. Rebaudioside O is predominantly utilized in the food and beverage industry as a sugar substitute, catering to products targeted at health-conscious consumers and individuals managing caloric intake or conditions such as diabetes. Given its high sweetness potency compared to sucrose, it is used in minute quantities, providing a desirable sweetness profile while enabling the reduction of sugar content in various formulations. Its applications extend to a wide range of products, including beverages, confectioneries, and dietary supplements. Researchers are continually studying the compound for its potential metabolic effects and sensory attributes, contributing to an evolving landscape in low-calorie sweetening solutions.

Reference standards.

Betulinic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, acts as a eukaryotic topoisomerase I inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 μM, and possesses anti-HIV, anti-malarial, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties.Betulinic acid is a selective inducer of apoptosis in tumor cells, it inhibits activation of NF-kappaB and NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression induced by carcinogens and inflammatory stimuli.

Ruscogenin exerts significant anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic activities.Ruscogenin significantly attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI )via inhibiting expressions of TF and iNOS and NF-κB p65 activation, it inhibits activation of neutrophil through cPLA 2 , PAK, Akt, MAPKs, cAMP, and PKA signaling pathways.

Praeruptorin C (Pra-C), one of the principal bioactive components derived from the root of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn, has been widely used as an antioxidant and a calcium antagonist to treat diseases, Pra-C partially also protects cortical neurons by inhibiting the expression of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors and regulating the Bcl-2 family.

SaikosaponinD (SSd) is a major triterpenoid saponin derivative from Radix bupleuri, which has been long used in Chinese traditional medicine for treatment of various inflammation-related diseases; it shows potent anti-inflammatory activity through inhibitory effects on NF-κB activation and thereby on iNOS, COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Lithospermoside possesses strong inhibitory effects onEpstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation, the potencies of which were either comparable to or stronger than that of a green tea polyphenol, it also exerts anti-tumor promoting activity in two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA).

Isoacteoside, isolated from Clerodendron trichotomum (Verbenaceae), has antioxidant properties, can scavenge intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 1,1-diphenyl-

Dehydroadynerigenin glucosyldigitaloside is a cardiac glycoside, which is derived from specific plant sources, particularly found in species of the Digitalis genus. These compounds have a strong affinity for cardiac tissues. The primary mode of action involves the inhibition of the sodium-potassium ATPase enzyme. This inhibition increases intracellular sodium levels, which subsequently leads to an elevated intracellular calcium concentration via the sodium-calcium exchange mechanism. The increased calcium availability enhances cardiac muscle contractility, resulting in improved cardiac output. The uses and applications of Dehydroadynerigenin glucosyldigitaloside are chiefly in the realm of cardiovascular research, particularly concerning heart failure and arrhythmias. The compound is studied for its therapeutic potential in modulating heart muscle contractions and improving cardiac efficiency. Its precise mechanism and effects make it a candidate of interest in experimental pharmacology and toxicology, offering insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies for cardiac conditions. Additionally, its biological activity provides a framework for exploring structure-activity relationships within cardiac glycosides.

Schisandrin A and schisandrin B are active components of Schisandrae Fructus, has anti-inflammatory action, may act differentially on activating GST/ depleting cellular GSH and inducing an antioxidant response.

Leonurine hydrochloride has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities, it exerts antidiabetic, cardiovascular, and bovine mastitis protection, it has an inhibitory effect on bleeding caused by incomplete abortion. Leonurine hydrochloride increases the expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-9 and Bax/Bcl-2, and it inhibits osteoclastogenesis and prevent osteoporosis associated with estrogen deficiency by inhibiting the NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.

Xanthatin, a natural sesquiterpene lactone, has significant antitumor activity against a variety of cancer cells; it displays significant antitumor effects through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in A549 cells, these effects are associated with intrinsic apoptosis pathway and disrupted NF-κB signaling, suggests that it may have therapeutic potential against human non-small-cell lung cancer.

Spinosin has neuroprotective, anxiolytic-like and anti-inflammatory effects, it ameliorated memory impairment induced through AβO, the serotonergic neurotransmitter system, it also potentiated pentobarbital-induced sleep via the serotonergic system.

Praeruptorin A exerts neuroprotective, anti-osteoclastogenic, anti-inflammatory, distinct relaxant effects, it is beneficial to facilitate nestin expression in myocarditis,and suitable in treatment of early myocarditis. Praeruptorin A can significantly up-regulate UGT1A1 expression in HepG2 cells partially via the CAR-mediated pathway. Praeruptorin A inhibited p38/Akt-c-Fos-NFATc1 signaling and PLCγ-independent Ca2+ oscillation.

beta-Asarone has neuroprotection, anti-tumor, anthelmintic, anti-inflammary, and anticoagulant effects, it can afford a beneficial inhibition on both mRNA and protein expression of Bad, Bax, and cleavage of caspases 9 in rat hippocampus following intrahippocampal injections of Abeta (1-42).beta-Asarone prevents autophagy and synaptic loss by reducing ROCK expression in SAMP8 mice. beta Asarone can cause liver and cardiac damages, it also has reproductive toxicity.

Curzerene is a sesquiterpene and component used in oriental medicine, was originally isolated from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Curcuma rhizomes, it could induce the downregulation of GSTA1 protein and mRNA expressions in SPC-A1 cells, might be used as an anti-lung adenocarcinoma drug candidate compound for further development.

Capillary protectant; free radical scavenger; antioxidant

Epimedin C and diphylloside A have antiinflammation effect, can reduce the swelling of the rats foot induced by egg. The accumulation of epimedinsA, B, C, and icariin in a traditional medicinal plant could be suppressed by light stress.

Luteolin-7-O-neohesperidoside is a flavonoid glycoside, which is predominantly derived from various plant sources, particularly those belonging to the families Rosaceae and Lamiaceae. It is structurally characterized by the attachment of luteolin to a neohesperidose sugar moiety, which alters its solubility and bioavailability properties. The mode of action of Luteolin-7-O-neohesperidoside involves its capacity to act as a potent antioxidant, scavenging free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative stress. It also demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting key enzymes and signaling pathways involved in inflammatory responses. Luteolin-7-O-neohesperidoside is utilized in research focused on cellular protection and the modulation of oxidative stress pathways. It is being investigated for its potential in therapeutic applications related to chronic inflammatory conditions, neuroprotective strategies, and metabolic disorders. Due to its bioactive properties, it provides a valuable tool for studying plant-derived antioxidants and their impact on human health at the molecular level.

Vicenin-2 (VCN-2), an active constituent of the medicinal herb Ocimum Sanctum Linn or Tulsi, it can effectively induce anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic effect in CaP cells (PC-3, DU-145 and LNCaP) irrespective of their androgen responsiveness or p53 status;VCN-2 in combination with docetaxel (DTL) synergistically inhibited the growth of prostate tumors in vivo with a greater decrease in the levels of AR, pIGF1R, pAkt, PCNA, cyclin D1, Ki67, CD31, and increase in E-cadherin; it could as a single agent and in combination with DTL in carcinoma of prostate (CaP).

Neferine

Eleutheroside E(EE) has anti-inflammatory and protective effects in ischemia heart, the beneficial effect of EE may provide an effective and powerful strategy to alleviate behavioral alterations induced by sleep deprivation, it may influence to immune-enhancing through increasing the physical endurance capacity and immune cell activation. EE significantly decreases the inflammatory cell infiltration, pannus formation, cartilage damage, bone erosion of CIA mice, the generation of TNF-α and IL-6, the metabolism of drugs metabolized via CYP2C9 and CYP2E1.

Quercetin 3-O-gentiobioside is a flavonoid glycoside, which is a plant-derived compound known for its potential health benefits. This compound is predominantly sourced from various plant species, where it functions as part of the plant's defense mechanisms. The mode of action of Quercetin 3-O-gentiobioside primarily involves its antioxidant properties, allowing it to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress within biological systems. Due to these properties, Quercetin 3-O-gentiobioside has been studied for its potential applications in health sciences, particularly in the areas of anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular research. Its ability to modulate enzymatic activity and interact with cellular signaling pathways suggests a range of possible therapeutic uses. Current research focuses on its role in protecting cells from oxidative damage, which may contribute to its protective effects against chronic conditions. As a model compound, it also provides insight into the structure-function relationship of flavonoids and their biological activities.

(+)-Gallocatechin as a bio-antimutagenic compound against UV-induced mutation in Escherichia coli. It is potent in scavenging Fremy’s salt, a synthetic free radical, it possesses antioxidant capacities that is higher or comparable to that of ascorbic acid or Trolox.