Botanical Source

(-)-Epicatechin gallate can effectively stimulates osteoblast differentiation, it has antioxidative effect against lipid peroxidation when phospholipid bilayers are exposed to aqueous oxygen radicals.

Mogroside IVa is a triterpene glycoside, which is a type of natural sweetening compound, derived primarily from the fruit of Siraitia grosvenorii, commonly known as monk fruit. The compound is extracted from the fruit through a meticulous process that ensures the preservation of its natural properties. The mode of action of Mogroside IVa involves its interaction with taste receptors on the tongue, where it delivers intense sweetness, often several hundred times sweeter than sucrose, without providing caloric value. Additionally, studies suggest that this mogroside exhibits antioxidant activities, potentially neutralizing free radicals and protecting against cellular damage. Mogroside IVa has various applications, predominantly in the food and beverage industry as a natural low-calorie sweetener. Researchers are also exploring its potential therapeutic uses due to its antioxidant capacity, investigating its role in managing conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. Its role in novel drug formulations and nutraceuticals is of considerable interest, owing to its dual functionality as both a sweetener and an antioxidant.

Gentiopicroside has been developed into a novel traditional Chinese drug named gentiopicroside injection, and it was approved for the treatment of acute jaundice and chronic active hepatitis by SFDA.Gentiopicroside has analgesic, smooth muscle relaxing, antibacterial, and free radical scavenging activities, it exerts anti-inflammatory effects on experimental acute colitis through attenuating the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2.

Quercetin, a member of the flavonoids family, is one of the most prominent dietary antioxidants. It is ubiquitously present in foods including vegetables, fruit, tea and wine as well as countless food supplements and is claimed to exert beneficial health effects. This includes protection against various diseases such as osteoporosis, certain forms of cancer, pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases but also against aging.

4'-Demethylepipodophyllotoxin is an antimitotic agent which binds to monomeric tubulin, preventing micro-tubule polymerization. It is a potent inhibitor of microtubule assembly.

11-oxo-Mogroside V is a natural sweetener, which is a type of mogroside, sourced primarily from the fruit of Siraitia grosvenorii, commonly known as monk fruit or Luo Han Guo. This compound is part of a group of triterpene glycosides, which are responsible for the intense sweetness of monk fruit extracts, being up to several hundred times sweeter than sucrose. The mode of action of 11-oxo-Mogroside V involves its interaction with taste receptors, specifically binding to sweet taste receptor cells and triggering sweetness perception without the caloric contribution of traditional sugars. Moreover, it exhibits potent antioxidant properties, providing potential health benefits due to its capacity to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. In terms of applications, 11-oxo-Mogroside V is predominantly used in the food and beverage industry as a non-caloric sweetening agent. It is particularly valuable in the development of reduced-calorie, low-glycemic index products, making it beneficial in managing conditions like diabetes and obesity. Additionally, its antioxidant activity makes it a candidate of interest for nutraceutical formulations aimed at supporting overall health and wellness.

Arctigenin, naturally occurring in Bardanae fructus, Saussurea medusa, Arctium lappa L., Torreya nucifera and Ipomea cairica, is a phenylpropanoid dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, it can potently inhibit the activity of MKK1 in vitro with the IC(50) value of 1 nM, and inhibit activation of MAP kinases including ERK1/2, p38 kinase and JNK through the inhibition of MKK activities, leading to AP-1 inactivation, which might, at least in part, contribute to the inhibition of TNF-α production, inhibits expression via suppressing JAK-pathway in macrophages.[1,2]

Mogroside III is a natural sweetener, which is derived from the fruit of Siraitia grosvenorii, commonly known as monk fruit. This compound belongs to the mogrosides, a group of triterpene glycosides that are primarily responsible for the fruit's intense sweetness. The mode of action of Mogroside III involves its interaction with sweetness receptors on the tongue, which provides a sensation of sweetness that is significantly more potent than sucrose, but it does not contribute calories in the same way. It also possesses antioxidant properties due to its chemical structure, which enables it to neutralize free radicals. Mogroside III is utilized in various applications, including as a low-calorie sweetening agent in the food and beverage industry. Its antioxidant properties additionally make it of interest in nutraceuticals, where it is explored for potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects and blood glucose regulation. Its natural origin and lack of caloric contribution make it suitable for diabetic-friendly formulations. This compound exemplifies the potential of plant-derived glycosides in developing functional food ingredients with health-promoting properties.

Jujuboside A, a neuroprotective agent, can ameliorates behavioral disorders of the dementia mouse model induced by Aβ1-42. It possesses sedative , anticonvulsant , antianxiety, anti-proliferation, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, it can notably reduce the damage cause by ISO via promoting the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, and mTOR and inhibiting LC3 conversion, which may be a potential choice for the treatment of heart diseases. Jujuboside A can inhibit gamma aminobutyric acid type A receptor, and the hyperactivity of hippocampal CAl area induced by penicillin sodium.

Cistanoside A is a phenylethanoid glycoside, which is a bioactive compound derived from plants of the genus Cistanche, particularly noted for their use in traditional medicine. These plants are typically found in arid regions and have been used in various cultural medicinal practices. Cistanoside A exerts its effects primarily through antioxidant and neuroprotective mechanisms. It is known to scavenge free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and inhibit apoptosis at the cellular level, thereby offering protective benefits to neuronal cells. The applications of Cistanoside A are primarily observed in the context of neurodegenerative conditions. Research has shown its potential in mitigating the effects of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, by preserving neural function and promoting cell survival. Additionally, it may have benefits related to enhancing cognitive function and overall brain health. Its role in traditional medicine, combined with emerging scientific evidence, highlights its significance as a compound of interest in neuropharmacological studies.

Alpinetin is a type of novel plant flavonoid derived from Alpinia katsumadai Hayata, possesses strong anti-hepatoma effects, can suppress HepG2 cell proliferation and arrested cells in the G0/G1 phase by up-regulating the expression levels of p-MKK7, and the antitumor effect of Alpinetin could be reversed by inhibiting the expression of MKK7; suggests that MKK7 may be a putative target for molecular therapy against hepatoma and Alpinetin could serve as a potential agent for the development of hepatoma therapy.

Ginsenoside Rh2 is a bioactive compound, which is a triterpenoid saponin derived from the root of the Panax ginseng plant. It operates through multiple biochemical pathways, including the modulation of cell signaling cascades such as the inhibition of cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. These actions are primarily mediated through mitochondrial pathways and involve the regulation of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins. Ginsenoside Rh2 is extensively utilized in scientific research due to its potential therapeutic applications. It is studied for its anticancer properties, particularly in the context of inhibiting tumor growth and enhancing the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy agents. Additionally, its immunomodulatory effects are of interest in the study of autoimmune diseases. Researchers are also examining its neuroprotective properties which may contribute to advances in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, Ginsenoside Rh2 provides valuable insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies in various fields of biomedical research.

Magnolol is a dual agonist of both RXRα and PPARγ, with EC50 values of 10.4 μM and 17.7 μM, respectively. Magnolol has antifungal, antibacterial, anti-oxidative, antidepressant-like, anti- tumor, and neuroprotective effects, it also prevents skin photoaging in UVB-irradiated hairless mice. Magnolol has a wide spectrum of targets including TNF-α, NF-KB, GSK3β.

Bacopasaponin C may have antioxidant activity, it also shows anti-leishmanial property.

Cycloastragenol(CAG), a triterpene aglycone derived from Radix astragali , can suppress the accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplet in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Gypenoside IX is a saponin compound, which is extracted from the Gynostemma pentaphyllum plant. This source is a perennial climbing herb known for its extensive use in traditional medicine throughout Asia. The mode of action of Gypenoside IX involves modulation of various signaling pathways, such as AMPK and PI3K/Akt, which play significant roles in cellular energy homeostasis and apoptotic processes. The applications and uses of Gypenoside IX are being rigorously studied in contemporary research settings. Scientists have investigated its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. In addition to these, there is interest in its role in regulating lipid metabolism, which could have implications for treating metabolic disorders like diabetes and obesity. Given its diverse biochemical interactions, Gypenoside IX is a subject of interest for those looking at innovative approaches in pharmacology and therapeutic development.

Cucurbitacin A inhibits cancer growth in A-549 NSCLC cells by inducing apoptosis, targeting m-TOR/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway and G2/M cell cycle.

Isocucurbitacin B has significantly activities against HeLa and HT-29 human cancer cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.93 to 9.73uM.