Botanical Source

Ginsenoside Rg5 is a bioactive compound, which is a saponin extracted from Panax ginseng. This herbal source, particularly its root, has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. Ginsenoside Rg5 exhibits its mode of action primarily through modulating intracellular signaling pathways, enhancing antioxidant activity, and exerting anti-inflammatory effects. It has shown the ability to interact with cellular receptors and enzymes, impacting biological processes at the molecular level. The uses and applications of Ginsenoside Rg5 are diverse, with ongoing research exploring its potential therapeutic roles. It is being studied for its neuroprotective, anti-cancer, and cardioprotective properties. Researchers are particularly interested in its ability to combat oxidative stress and its preventive role in neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory action suggests potential benefits in chronic inflammatory conditions. As the scientific community continues to investigate its mechanisms and effectiveness, Ginsenoside Rg5 remains a significant subject of interest in pharmacological and medicinal chemistry research.

Momordicoside A is a triterpenoid saponin, which is isolated from the fruit and other parts of the bitter melon plant, scientifically known as *Momordica charantia*. This compound is derived through meticulous extraction and purification processes from the plant, which is renowned for its diverse array of bioactive phytochemicals. The mode of action of Momordicoside A involves its interaction with various cellular pathways. It is known to exhibit a range of biological activities, including anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects, achieved through modulation of enzymatic activities and signaling pathways. For instance, it has been observed to influence the AMPK signaling pathway, which is crucial in the regulation of cellular energy homeostasis. Momordicoside A has applications in biomedical research focused on understanding metabolic disorders and developing novel therapeutic strategies. Its potential in modulating glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity makes it a subject of interest in studies investigating new treatments for diabetes. Furthermore, its anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects on cancer cells open promising avenues for cancer research. This compound continues to be the focus of numerous investigations, aiming to elucidate its mechanisms further and explore its therapeutic potential in clinical settings.

Schisanhenol has antioxidative effect on human LDL oxidation, may be through scavenging free radicals; it also has anti-apoptosis effect on BACSs, may be related to its inhibition of ROS generation. Schisanhenol can protect against adriamycin induced heart mitochondrial toxicity.

Sophoridine has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-arrhythmia, and affects the immune and central nervous systems. Early and short-time applying sophoridine has neuroprotective effect min permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) rat brain by down-regulating TRAF6 and up-regulating p-ERK1/2 expression, ameliorating brain infaction and edema. Sophoridine also possesses antiviral activities against Coxsackievirus B3, by regulating cytokine expression, may represent a potential therapeutic agent for viral myocarditis.

Alisol B 23-acetate, a partial non-competitive inhibitor of P-gp, it may be a potential MDR reversal agent. Alisol B 23-acetate produces protective effects against ANIT-induced hepatotoxity and cholestasis, due to FXR-mediated gene regulation; it obviously inhibits proliferation of the three ovarian cancer cell lines, possesses anti-proliferation, anti-migration and anti-invasion activities as a single agent on ovarian cancer cells.

Pectolinarin and pectolinarigenin exhibit hepatoprotective activity mainly via SOD antioxidant mechanism, can prevent the hepatic injury in rats caused by D-galactosamine.

Tubeimoside I, tubeimoside II, and tubeimoside III show anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antitumor-promo ting effects.

Jujuboside B is one of the saponins isolated from the seeds of Zizyphus jujuba var, has

Isorebaudioside A is a type of steviol glycoside sweetener, which is extracted from the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant. As a product of natural origin, it functions as a high-intensity sweetener by mimicking the taste of sucrose without the caloric content. Isorebaudioside A interacts with the taste receptors on the tongue, activating the sweet taste pathways. This mode of action allows it to provide a sugar-like sweetness, often considered favorable due to its clean taste profile and lack of caloric contributions. In scientific applications, Isorebaudioside A is utilized primarily in the food and beverage industry as an alternative to sugar and artificial sweeteners. Its stability across a wide range of temperatures and pH levels makes it highly versatile in various formulations, including baked goods, dairy products, and soft drinks. Due to its natural derivation, it is also of interest in studies focusing on metabolic health, where it serves as a potential tool in managing caloric intake and reducing blood sugar levels. Research continues to explore its full effects on human health and its potential for broader applications in dietary management.