Ginseng ingredients

Ginsenoside Rc (Rc), a protopanaxadiol type ginsenoside, is the active component mainly responsible for the therapeutic and pharmacologic properties of ginseng, which are derived from its suppression of superoxide-induced free radicals, Rc can modulate Forkhead box O (FoxO1)phosphorylation through activation of PI3K/Akt and inhibition of AMPK and FoxO1 acetylation through interaction with CBP and SIRT1, and that this leads to upregulation of catalase under conditions of oxidative stress.

Panaxadiol , a ginseng saponin with a dammarane skeleton, selectively interferes with the cell cycle in human cancer cell lines, it inhibits DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 μM in SK-HEP-1 cells and HeLa cells, it selectively elevates p21WAF1/CIP1 levels and thereby arrests the cell cycle at G1/S phase by down-regulating Cyclin A-Cdk2 activity.

Ginsenoside Rd (Rd), a saponin isolated from the roots of panax notoginseng, Rd has immunological adjuvant activity, and elicits a Th1 and Th2 immune response by regulating production and gene expression of Th1 cytokines and Th2 cytokines.

Ginsenoside (G)-F1 is an enzymatic metabolite generated from G-Rg1, it has been reported to suppress platelet aggregation and to reduce gap junction-mediated intercellular communication, also as a novel anti-skin cancer drug with anti-proliferative and anti-migration features.

Ginsenoside Re, a main phytosterol of Panax ginseng, inhibits Ca(2+) accumulation in mitochondria during cardiac ischemia/reperfusion, which is attributable to nitric oxide (NO)-induced Ca(2+) channel inhibition and K(+) channel activation in cardiac myocytes, acts as a specific agonist for the nongenomic pathway of sex steroid receptors, and NO released from activated eNOS underlies cardiac K(+) channel activation and protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury, G-Re also exerts antiischemic effect and induces angiogenic regeneration.[1,2]

Ginsenoside-Rg3, possess an ability to inhibit the lung metastasis of tumor cells, and the mechanism of their antimetastatic effect is related to inhibition of the adhesion and invasion of tumor cells, and also to anti-angiogenesis activity.

GinsenosideRf, as an effective natural product, induces G2/Mphase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells through the mitochondrial pathway, suggests that it may have a therapeutic effect on human osteosarcoma.

Ginsenosides, a class of ginseng compounds of herbal medicine, have therapeutic potential for the neuroprotection of brain damage after cerebral ischemia because of their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation activities, ginsenoside Rb1 could represent promising applications as anti-oxidants for the anti-aging treatment of neurological disorders, such as stroke, in elderly patients.

Ginsenoside Rb3 has anti-myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, neuroprotective, antidepressant-like, and antioxidant effects, it also possesses the potential of the clinical use in preventing and treating diabetes. Ginsenoside Rb3 significantly attenuates the changes of creatine kinase activity and lactate dehydrogenase activity, exhibits inhibitory effect on TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity with an IC50 of 8.2 μM in 293T cell lines, it also inhibits the induction of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA.

Ginsenoside Rh2 is one of the most active components of red ginseng, controlling cancer and other metabolic diseases including osteoclast differentiation; ginsenoside Rh2 can suppress RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo through the regulation of c-Fos and NFATc1 expressions, not excluding the involvement of NF-κB and ERK, it is also suggested to be developed as a therapeutic drug for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Ginsenosides, which are active compounds found in ginseng (Panax ginseng), are used as antidiabetic treatments; ginsenoside Rb2 may inhibit palmitate-induced gluconeogenesis via AMPK-induced SHP by relieving ER stress, a cause of gluconeogenesis.

Ginsenoside Rh3 is a bacterial metabolite of Rg5, which is the main constituent of heat-processed ginseng, has anti-inflammatory effect in microglia by modulating AMPK and its downstream signaling pathways.