Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) Standards

Impurity Duloxetine EP Impurity G Applications 1-Fluoronaphthalene (Duloxetine EP Impurity G) is a fluorinated naphthalene derivative that is metabolized by fungal monooxygenase-epoxide hydrolase. Duloxetine (D721000) impurity. References Cerniglia, C.E. et al.: Appl. Env. Microbiol., 48, 294 (1984);

Applications 6-Methylchrysene is one of the methylated chrysenes (MeChry), as an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist. Methylated chrysenes (MeChry) are important cigarette smoke constituents and 6-MeChry has been listed as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Amin, S. et al.: Cancer Res., 45, 6406 (1985); Blaha, L. et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 65, 43 (2002); Brack, W. et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 3062 (2003); Andrysik, Z. et al.: Mutat. Res., 615, 87 (2007);

Applications Labelled Coumarin (C755380). Pharmaceutic aid (flavor). Found in tonka beans, levender oil, woodruff, sweet clover. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Hazleton, L., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 118, 348 (1956), Lake, B., et al.: Food Chem. Toxicol., 37, 423 (1999), Frerot, E., et al.: Flavour Fragrance J., 17, 218 (2002), Yang, Z., et al.: Food Chem., 114, 289 (2009),

Applications A metabolite of Bentazon, a selective post-emergence herbicide. References Klibanov, A., et al.: Science, 221, 259 (1983), Huber, R., et al.: Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 137, 111 (1994), Roper, J., et al.: Wat. Res., 29, 2720 (1995),

Applications A heterocyclic aromatic compound with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. References Dowty, H., et al.: Carcinogenesis, 21, 991 (2000), Zacharova, L., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 73, 108 (2003), Buters, J., et al.: Chem. Res. Toxicol., 15, 1127 (2002),

Stability Light Sensitive Applications A heterocyclic aromatic compound with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. References Smith, C., et al.: Food Chem. Toxicol., 38, 637 (2000), Koehler, D., et al.: J. Ind. Ecol., 9, 143 (2005), Bartos, T., et al.: Env. Toxicol., 21, 343 (2006), Shimada, T., et al.: Chem. Res. Toxicol., 21, 2313 (2008),

Applications 9-Chlorofluorene is a monochlorinated fluorene with therapeutic effects on fungal diseases of tomato. 9-Chlorofluorene is part of a class of halogenated pollutants observed in the urban atmosphere. References Buchenauer, H. et al.: Phytopathol. Zeitsch., 72, 145 (1971); Buchenauer, H. et al.: Nature, 227, 1267 (1970); Ma, J. et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 643 (2009);

Applications 2,7-Dibromophenanthrene is a halogenated phenanthrene (P294800), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and environmental pollutant. References Brown, W.G.,et al.: J. Am. Chem, Soc., 65, 1235 (1943); He, B.,et al.: J. Mat. Chem., 21, 14793 (2011);

Applications 1-Acenaphthenol is a product of the microbial metabolism and photolysis of acenaphthene, of acenaphthene, a polycyclic hydrocarbon that has potential to act as polyploidizing agents in plants. 1-Acenaphthenol is also a known substrate of dihydrodiol dehydrogenases. References Reyes, C., et al.: J. Photochem. Photobiol. A, 112, 277 (1998); Šavlík, M., et al.: Res. Vet. Sci., 83, 20 (2007); Schocken, M. & Gibson, D.: Appl. Environ. Microb., 48, 10 (1984);

Applications Benzo[a]pyrene-6,12-quinone is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and metabolite of Benzopyrene (B205800) that can have toxic effects on fish bone metabolism. In utero exposure to Benzo[a]pyrene-6,12-quinone can also predispose offspring to cardiovascular dysfunction in later life. References Hayakawa, K., et al.: WIT Trans. Ecol. Envir., 135, 231 (2010); Jules, G.E., et al.: Toxicology, 295, 56 (2012)

Applications 2,3-Benzoperylene is a potent mutagen. It can be used as a standard in determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s). References Durant, J., et al.: Mutat. Res-Genet. Tox., 446, 1 (1999); Schubert, P., et al.: Analyt. Chem.m 75, 234 (2003)

Applications 2-Bromofluorene is used as a reagent for the preparation of dibromofluorene-labelled polystyrene by nitroxide-mediated polymerization. It is also being used in the agricultural sector as a fungicide for tomato disease control. It’s carcinogenic effects on humans are currently being investigated. References Buchenauer, H. & Grossmann, F.: Nature, 227, 1267 (1970); Butcher, W. & Tillman, E.: Macromol. Chem. Physic., 212, 2224 (2011); Wang, J., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 9745 (2012);

Applications Labelled analogue of Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and a known carcinogen. Dibenz[a,h]anthracene has produced positive results in bacterial DNA damage and mutagenicity assays and in mammalian cell DNA damage, mutagenicity and cell transformation assays. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Farmer, P.B. et al.: Mutat. Res. Re. Mutat. Res., 544, 397 (2003); Leadon, S. et al.: Carcinogenesis, 16, 3021 (1995); Andrews, A.W. et al.: Mutat. Res., 51, 311 (1978); Kaden, D.A. et al.: Cancer Res., 39, 4152 (1979);

Applications 4,5-Methanochrysene shows moderate degree of carcinogenic activity. As a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), it is considered as a pollutant. References Dunlap, C., et al.: Cancer Res., 3, 606(1943); Rice, J., et al.: Carcinogenesis, 9, 2275 (1988); Fabacher, D., et al.: Arch. Environ. Con. Tox., 21, 17 (1991)

Applications 1-Hydroxypyrene-d9 is found in humane urine after exposure to coal tar and a coal derived product. References Jongeneelen, F.J., et al.: Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 57, 47 (1985)

Applications 5,​6-​Chrysenedione is a useful reactant for organic reactions. It is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon quinones, and studied as possible carcinogens. References Boyle, K.M., et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 140, 5612-24 (2018); Shultz, C.A., et al.: Chem. Res. Toxicol., 24, 2153-66 (2011);

Applications Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their PAH-DNA adducts in lung tissues, and their ability to mutate the Ki-ras oncogene in PAH-induced tumors. Seven PAHs were studied: cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CPP), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA), 5-methylchrysene (5MC), benz[j]aceanthrylene (B[j]A), and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P). References Nesnow, S., et al.: Cancer Lett., 73, 73 (1993), Herzog, C., et al.: Cancer Res., 54, 4007 (1994), Prahalad, A., et al.: Carcinogenesis, 18, 1955 (1997),

Applications 1-Methoxynaphthalene is one of the numerous volatile components found in tobacco smoke, and has been found to induce damage on plasma membrane tissues of cultured human lung fibroblasts. References Thelestam, M., et al.: Toxiology, 15, 203 (1980)

Applications 1-(2-(Phenanthren-9-yl)phenyl)propan-2-one is an metabolite of Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (D416945), an well known polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons found in hot mix asphalt paving workers and the most potent tumorigen that has been identified to date.

Stability Moisture Sensitive Applications Phorate Oxon Sulfone is a major metabolite of Phorate (P353500), an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Boshoff, P.R., et al.: J. Agr. Food Chem., 27, 626 (1979),

Applications 5-Nitroacenaphthene is a derivative of acenaphthene, a polycyclic hydrocarbon that has potential to act as polyploidizing agents in plants. References Liu, Y., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 57, 5203 (2014);

Applications Labelled Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (D416945). An active metabolite from inhalation and dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons in hot mix asphalt paving workers. DBC is the most potent tumorigen that has been identified to date. Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) is a carcinogen and should be handled with appropriate caution. References Anderson, L., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 199, 85 (2004), Yu, Z., et al.: Cancer Res., 66, 755 (2006), Shen, J., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 95, 313 (2007),

Applications 3-Nitroacenaphthene is an impurity of Acenaphthene (D448330), which is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon as carcinogenic agent. References Liu, Y., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 57, 5203 (2014);

Applications Naphtho[2,3-e]pyrene is a polycyclic aomatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with carcinogenicity. Naphtho[2,3-e]pyrene is one of the C24H14 PAH that displayed mutagenicity in human cells expressing CYP1A1. References Yan, L.S.: Carcinogenesis6, 1 (1985); Durant, J.L. et al.: Mutat. Res. Gen. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 446, 1 (1999);