Amino Acids (AA)

C3a is a molecule that is part of the complement system. It was first discovered in leukocytes and has since been detected in other populations. C3a is a chemotactic factor for neutrophils and eosinophils, which are types of white blood cells. C3a binds to the surface of cells by means of protein-antibody interactions, and it can also act as an anaphylatoxin by binding to mast cell receptors.

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N-Phenylisonicotinamide is a pyrimidine compound that has been shown to inhibit xanthine oxidase, an enzyme found in the liver and other tissues that is involved in the production of uric acid. N-Phenylisonicotinamide inhibits the growth of cancer cells by catalytic reduction of reactive oxygen species. This drug also inhibits xanthine oxidase activity and has been shown to prevent kidney bean autocatalytic activity. N-Phenylisonicotinamide has pharmacokinetic properties that are similar to those of the antituberculosis drug pyrazinamide. The molecule can be reduced to a tetrazole form by cytochrome P450 enzymes, which may have inhibitory effects on these enzymes.

2-Hydrazin-4-methylbenzothiazole is a synthetic compound that can be used as a coagulant in wastewater treatment. It is also used to reduce the amount of chloride in industrial effluents. 2-Hydrazin-4-methylbenzothiazole can be synthesized from tetraphenyl, which is a byproduct of the synthesis of lanthanum metal. This compound has been shown to be an effective reducer for wastewater treatment and can be recycled for use in other chemical reactions. The synthetic process requires hydrochloric acid and an acid catalyst, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, to produce 2-hydrazin-4-methylbenzothiazole. The byproducts are evaporated with the water vapor during the evaporation process.

N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide is an activated cellulose product. It is used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and can be used as a reagent to synthesize fatty acid esters. This drug has been shown to have low water permeability, meaning it does not readily diffuse through membranes, which may be due to its high hydrochloric acid content.

N-Phenylpropanamide is a chemical inhibitor that has been shown to have a protective effect against the light-induced degradation of drugs in urine samples. The compound also inhibits the hydrolysis of amides by hydrochloric acid and hydrogen bonds with the receptor binding site on human liver cells. N-Phenylpropanamide has been shown to affect cardiac function, as well as growth factor production.

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2-Chloro-N-methyl-N-phenylacetamide is a stabilizer that is used to prevent the formation of benzene, phenol, and cresols. It can be used in the production of plastics, paints, and adhesives. 2-Chloro-N-methyl-N-phenylacetamide has a dihedral angle that is coplanar with the benzene ring and it contains a phenyl group.

Ac-Gly-Pro-AFC is a dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor that inhibits the action of protein-degrading enzymes called peptidases. Ac-Gly-Pro-AFC has been shown to be effective in treating diabetes by inhibiting the activity of fibroblast activation protein, which is involved in the development of diabetes. Ac-Gly-Pro-AFC also has an inhibitory effect on the enzyme connect, which is involved in cellular proliferation and differentiation. Clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of this drug for treatment of diabetic nephropathy with promising results. Ac-Gly-Pro-AFC has also been shown to have a beneficial effect on collagen synthesis and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine release from activated macrophages.

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4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid ethyl ester is a synthetic compound that is converted to protocatechuic acid, an antioxidant found in wine. It has been shown to have antioxidative properties in inflammatory bowel disease by inhibiting the formation of reactive oxygen species. Protocatechuic acid also inhibits the growth of bacterial strains such as Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus, which are often resistant to antibiotics. The mechanism of action is not well understood, but it may be due to its ability to inhibit the production of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, a precursor for bacterial cell wall synthesis. Protocatechuic acid also has anti-inflammatory properties and can be used as a bioactive phenolic in topical preparations such as creams or ointments.

Applications 2-Bromo-1,3-diethyl-5-methylbenzene (cas# 314084-61-2) is a useful research chemical.

2-Methyldecan-2-Ol is a colorless liquid that has a benzene ring with two methyl groups. It is used as an additive in the formulation of paints, varnishes, and lacquers. 2-Methyldecan-2-Ol can be used as a solvent to extract other chemicals from natural sources. This chemical is also used as a carbon source for the production of filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus niger. 2-Methyldecan-2-Ol evaporates easily and its viscosity can be reduced by dilution or evaporation. The hydrocarbon form of this chemical has been shown to desorb volatile compounds from soil samples for analysis.

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Bortezomib is a synthetic drug that belongs to the family of azides. It is used as a catalyst in transfer reactions, such as aminations and hydroxylations. Bortezomib is also able to catalyze the synthesis of chiral compounds and has been shown to be useful in maximizing the yield of products with an unfavourable equilibrium. The mechanism of bortezomib includes an electron-transfer step with Ru(bpy)3+ and a catalytic cycle with O2.

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Methyl (2R,3S)-N-boc-3-phenylisoserine is a fine chemical that has been used as a building block for the synthesis of complex compounds with high quality. It reacts with other molecules to form various useful compounds and has been used in research chemicals and as a reaction component. Methyl (2R,3S)-N-boc-3-phenylisoserine is also used as a reagent and is an important intermediate for the production of many speciality chemicals.

Histidine is a non-essential amino acid that is found in all living cells. It is a precursor of histamine and can be converted to tryptophan by decarboxylation. Histidine has been found to be essential for growth in some bacteria and yeast, but not in higher plants or animals. The formyl group of histidine can be oxidized to a sulfoxide or reduced to a formyl group. Histidine residues are often found in the protein matrix of proteomic samples, but can also be used as an analyte. The two most common methods for the detection of histidine are matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS). These methods allow for the minimization of background interference from other molecules present in the sample, such as tryptophan residues.

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Amoxicillin is a semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotic that is active against many bacteria. It belongs to the group of β-lactam antibiotics, which prevents the formation of bacterial cell walls by binding to the enzyme D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase (penicillin binding protein). Amoxicillin is used for the treatment of bacterial infections such as inflammatory bowel disease and acute abdominal pain. Amoxicillin has been shown to be effective in reducing inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines. This drug also inhibits bacterial growth by impairing DNA synthesis and protein synthesis, but does not affect viral replication. Amoxicillin may also have an effect on probiotic bacteria in the gut.

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N-Methyl-2-(alpha-methyl-3-trifluoromethylphenethylamino)acetamide (MTPA) is a toxic chemical that has been used as a rodenticide. It is also an efficient, inexpensive, and rapid screening tool for carcinogens. MTPA has been shown to be potent in the inhibition of DNA synthesis in human cells, with a potency of 10 times that of 5-fluorouracil. This compound is commercially available and can be synthesized by stepwise methods. MTPA is not acutely toxic but can cause liver and kidney damage if ingested or inhaled over long periods.

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Applications 4-Benzyloxy-3-methoxy-6-nitrophenylpyruvic Acid (cas# 2495-79-6) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.

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N,N'-didansyl-L-cystine (DDC) is a fluorescent molecule that is used to study cellular processes. DDC has been shown to interfere with the mitochondrial membrane potential and cardiac muscle contractility. It also interacts with nucleophilic sites on proteins, such as hydrophobic amino acids, which results in conformational changes that can lead to the formation of a new protein. DDC has been shown to be an effective anti-cancer drug in melanoma tumor models and clinical trials.

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Applications 2-Azido-2-deoxy-D-glucose is a glucose derivative that have been used to study the substrate specificity of galactokinase. References Zou, W., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 22, 3540 (2012);

4-Fluoro-3-methoxybenzylamine hydrochloride is a fine chemical that can be used as a building block in research, as a reagent in the synthesis of complex compounds, and as a versatile scaffold for the synthesis of natural products. This compound is an intermediate for the production of other pharmaceuticals and has been shown to be useful in the production of various drugs. It is also used as a reactant in organic chemistry reactions due to its high quality. 4-Fluoro-3-methoxybenzylamine hydrochloride has CAS No. 869296-41-3 and can be found on the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) database.

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Applications 3-Methoxyphenylacetonitrile is used in the synthesis of isoflavones which inhibit epithelial cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in vitro. References Booth, C. et al.: Brit. J. Canc., 80, 1550 (1999);

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Applications (2S,4R)-Methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine-2-carboxylate has been used as a reactant for the preparation of cholecystokinin B (CCK-B) antagonists. References Bellier, B., et. al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 8, 1419 (1998)

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2-Methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]thiazole is a chemical compound that is used as a research chemical and in the synthesis of other compounds. It is also used as a speciality chemical and reagent. 2-Methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]thiazole has been used as a building block for the preparation of other compounds and can be found in complex natural products. The compound has shown to be versatile since it can be easily converted into other compounds through reaction with different functional groups.

N'-Nitro-D-arginine is a vasodilator that has been shown to be effective in relieving the symptoms of patients suffering from erectile dysfunction. This drug relaxes the smooth muscles and increases blood flow to the penis, improving erections. N'-Nitro-D-arginine has also been shown to inhibit neutrophil migration by blocking receptors for tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 8 (IL8). However, this drug does not affect acrosome reaction or spermatozoa motility.