Enzyme Substrates

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A substrate for alkaline phosphatase yielding a blue insoluble product upon cleavage. Colour can be further enhanced when used together with Nitroblue tetrazolium. The substrate system is versatile and has functions in a variety of applications, including Northern, Southern, and Western blotting, in situ hybridization, ELISAs, microarray and immunohistochemistry. The micronized structure enhances solubility.

Applications Hydrogen bonding in 8-Azaadenosine was examined in this study.8-Azaadenosine is one of the best substrates of highly purified rabbit liver adenosine kinase. References Jeffrey, G., et al.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 7, 336 (1985).Miller, R., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 254, 2346 (1979).

Luciferin-alpha-D-glucoside, potassium salt is a bioluminescence substrate for the detection of various enzymes. It is used to detect the presence of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and diaphorase. Luciferin-alpha-D-glucoside, potassium salt is also used as a chromogenic substrate for the determination of glucose in blood and urine, as well as a fluorogenic substrate for the determination of uric acid in urine. This product has high purity and quality and is available in conjugates with antibodies or other ligands that are useful for immunoassays.

4-Methylumbelliferyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-a-L-fucopyranosyl)-b-D-galactopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate that is used for the detection of β D -galactosidase. β D -Galactosidase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose in milk and is used as a diagnostic tool for identifying lactose intolerance. This substrate can be used as a conjugate in immunoassays to detect antibodies against the enzyme or it can be used to measure the activity of the enzyme in food samples. It also can be used to measure α1,3 galactosyltransferase activity in colorectal cancer cells or bacteria.

Dnp-pyaywmr trifluoroacetate is a fluorogenic substrate that can be used in the detection of enzymes. It has a CAS number of 135662-06-5 and an EC number of 231-610-7. This chemical is not intended for human or animal use, but it can be used to detect the presence of specific enzymes in food testing, environmental testing, and diagnostics. Dnp-pyaywmr trifluoroacetate is also used as a ligand for fluorescent probes. Chemiluminescence and bioluminescence are two forms of light emission that can occur when this chemical is added to a solution containing a living cell.

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Water soluble substrate for firefly luciferase. Used for imaging the expression of the LUC marker gene and luciferase-fusion conjugates in living cells, tissues and organisms. Extensively utilized in reporter gene assays, immunoassays and hygiene monitoring. Endotoxin free product.

4-Nitrophenyl 5-O-trans-feruloyl-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside is a chromogenic substrate for alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase. Upon hydrolysis, para-nitrophenol is released yielding a yellowish colour. 4-Nitrophenyl 5-O-trans-feruloyl-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside is used in different applications such as the Plant cell wall degradation assays, bacterial enzyme profiling

4-Methylumbelliferyl-phosphoethanolamine is a phosphorylated substrate that can be used in the detection of enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, esterase, and lipase. This compound has been shown to be a fluorescent and chromogenic substrate for many diagnostic purposes. 4-Methylumbelliferyl-phosphoethanolamine is also used as a fluorogenic substrate for chemiluminescent reactions that are found in culture media and environmental testing.

D-Luciferin is a chemical compound that is used as a substrate for bioluminescence, which can be used for various purposes, including diagnostics and research. D-Luciferin is an analog of the natural substrate coelenterazine and it has been shown to produce fluorescence in the presence of oxygen and light. The salt form of D-Luciferin is monohydrate, which means that it contains one water molecule per molecule of the solute. This product is endotoxin free and has been tested by environmental testing methods.END> END>

4-Nitrophenyl b-lacto-N-neotetraoside is a potent antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the beta subunit of DNA gyrase. This drug has been shown to be effective against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium perfringens, although is not active against acid-fast bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium avium complex. Gatifloxacin has shown anti-inflammatory properties, which may be due to its inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.

A chromogenic and fluorogenic substrate, used for detection of esterase activity.

Chromogenic β-glucuronidase substrate yielding a yellow solution upon cleavage. Used to detect E. coli contamination in food and drinking water due to their β-glucuronidase activity.

Chromogenic substrate yielding a soluble yellow chromophor for the colorimetric assay of phosphatases.

Aldol® 495 inositol-phosphate is a chromogenic and fluorogenic enzyme substrate used for detection of phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C activity (PI-PLC, EC 4.6.1.13). The colorless enzyme substrate is cleaved by PI-PLC or PI-PLC-positive microorganisms in liquid or solid media, yielding orange color. In addition, green fluorescence is generated when a suitable matrix is present, e.g. PE-Pellets or cellulose acetate filter. Aldol® 495 inositol-phosphate is suitable for use in liquid and solid media, under aerobic as well as anaerobic conditions.

Chromogenic substrate for carboxylesterase and lipase. 2-naphthol is released upon hydrolyzation. By simultaneous coupling with a diazonium salt, the corresponding azo-dye is formed. Naphthols can also be detected by fluorescence analysis. Used in an colorimetric assay for the extracellular lipase of Pseudomonas fluorescens B52.

Chemiluminescent substrate for phosphatase

Fluorogenic substrate to assay the activity of neuraminidase. 4-Methylumbelliferone is released from 4-MUNANA by neuraminidase and can be detected fluorometrically with excitation at 365-380 nm and emission at 445-454 nm. Also applicable for fluorescent staining of sialidases in PAGE.

Luciferin-beta-D-glucuronide, dipotassium salt is a fluorescent compound that is used as a diagnostic tool. It can be used to detect the presence of enzymes, such as beta-galactosidase and beta-glucuronidase, in culture media or biological fluids. Luciferin-beta-D-glucuronide, dipotassium salt is also used for food testing and environmental testing.

4-Nitrophenyl 4,6-benzylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate for alpha-glucosidase. Upon hydrolysis, para-nitrophenol is released yielding a yellowish colour. 4-Nitrophenyl 4,6-benzylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranoside is used in different applications such as the Pompe disease diagnosis, glycogen metabolism research

Luciferin-myo-inositol-1-phosphate, sodium salt is a chromogenic substrate used in diagnostic assays and as a fluorogenic substrate for chemiluminescence. It can be used to determine the presence of certain enzymes or their activity. Luciferin-myo-inositol-1-phosphate, sodium salt is also used in the preparation of culture media for growing bacteria. This product is sold as a conjugate with other chemicals and can be found in food testing kits and environmental testing kits.

3-Indolyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-galactopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate that reacts with the enzyme β-galactosidase to produce a blue product. This product can be used to diagnose the presence of β-galactosidase in culture media, as well as in food and environmental testing. 3IAG is also a chromogenic substrate that can be used for detection of β-galactosidase activity.

6-Chloro-3-indoxyl choline phosphate is a chromogenic substrate for phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) for the detection of mibrobial metabolites. The use of this specific substrate permits monitoring the activity of PC-PLC. This an important enzyme for the regulation of steady-state levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and diacylglycerol (DAG). Abnormally high levels of PC-PLC activity in various tissues have been linked to many disease progressions.

2-Nitrophenyl b-D-arabinopyranoside is a chemical compound that is used in the detection of ATP by chemiluminescence. It acts as a substrate for enzymes such as luciferase and catalase, which catalyze the oxidation of 2-nitrophenyl b-D-arabinopyranoside to phenol and carbon dioxide with the release of light. This reaction can be used in diagnostic applications such as detecting bacteria in culture media or diagnosing food spoilage. 2-Nitrophenyl b-D-arabinopyranoside can also be used as a conjugate to detect proteins or nucleic acids by fluorescence spectroscopy. The CAS number for this compound is 107772-06-1.

3-(7-Hydroxycoumarin-3-carboxamido)propyl 4-O-(b-D-galactopyranosyl)-b-D-glucopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate that is used for the detection of beta-galactosidase. It has been shown to be an efficient substrate for the enzyme beta galactosidase and can be used to detect this enzyme in cell culture media and other diagnostic applications. 3-(7-Hydroxycoumarin-3-carboxamido)propyl 4-O-(b-D-galactopyranosyl)-b-D-glucopyranoside can also be used as a chromogenic substrate, which is added to a reaction mixture containing beta galactosidase, where it is hydrolyzed by the enzyme to produce a blue color. This product also has food testing and environmental testing applications.

Stability Hygroscopic Applications Labelled Rutin. Found in many plants, especially the buckwheat plant. Identity with Ilixanthin. Capillary protectant. Rutin is colored brown by tobacco enzyme under experimental conditions. References Harrison, et al.: J. Am. Pharm. Assoc., 39, 557 (1950), Humphreys, et al.: Econ. Bot., 18, 195 (1964), Khalifa, T.I., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 12, 623 (1983).

Chromogenic substrate for beta-D-galactosidase yielding a lapis colored precipitate. 5-Bromo-3-indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside can be used in conjunction with isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside as an alternative to 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal), producing a darker blue color for detection of beta-galactosidase activity in bacterial colonies in a colorimetric assay to detect recombinants (white) from non-recombinants (blue). 5-Bromo-3-indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside is also used in histochemistry to demonstrate beta-galactosidase activity in tissues.

Fluorogenic substrate targeting phosphatase

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Fluorogenic substrate for beta-galactosidase

A fluorogenic substrate for the assay of palmitoyl-protein thioesterase used in the diagnosis of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.

4-Methylumbelliferyl-a-D-mannopyranoside-6-phosphoethanolamine is a synthetic fluorogenic substrate that can be used in the detection of phosphatases. This substrate is a chromogenic and fluorogenic substrate that reacts when it is cleaved by enzymes. It has been shown to work with a number of different enzyme types, including esterases, phosphatases, and proteases. 4-Methylumbelliferyl-a-D-mannopyranoside-6-phosphoethanolamine has demonstrated high quality for use in bioluminescence, food testing, and environmental testing.4Methylumbelliferyl - a - D - mannopyranoside - 6 - phosphoethanolamine has been assigned CAS No. 81771-07-2.

4-Nitrophenyl phosphate mono(2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol) salt monohydrate is a chromogenic substrate that can be used to detect the presence of alkaline phosphatase. It is also used in food testing and diagnostics. 4NPPMD is a substrate for the enzyme alkaline phosphatase, which has been shown to play a role in the inflammatory response. The production of 4NPPMD by bacteria in the environment can be detected with chemiluminescence or bioluminescence. This product has been shown to react with both horseradish peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase, as well as other enzymes that are involved in metabolic pathways. This substrate also has high purity and fluorescence properties.

4-Nitrophenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-a-D-thiomannopyranoside is a pNP substrate that serves as a chromogenic substrate for enzyme assays. It has been tested for the detection of a-D-mannosidase activity in a variety of biological samples, including cell lysates, body fluids, and tissue homogenates.

5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-indoxyl nonanoate is a chemical compound that is used in the detection of bioluminescence. It is a substrate for enzymes, such as luciferase, and can be used to measure the amount of light emitted during the reaction. The CAS number for this molecule is 682802-80-8.

The photorelease of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-L-fucose from 2-nitrobenzyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-L-fucopyranoside was performed under a 365 nm LED illumination. It has been shown in plant cells this liberated 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-L-fucose can be converted by the endogenous metabolic machinery into the corresponding nucleotide-sugar, which then efficiently inhibits Golgi-localized fucosyltransferases.

A substrate used for the diagnosis of Sanfilippo disease type D (MPS IIID).

4-Trifluoromethylumbelliferyl β-D-galactopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate for beta-galactosidase . Upon hydrolysis, the fluorogenic moiety (blueish) 4-trifluoromethylumbelliferone (also known as TFMU) is released. 4-Trifluoromethylumbelliferyl β-D-galactopyranoside is commonly used in bacterial detection and in LacZ gene expression assays.

Sensitive fluorogenic substrate for fluorometric and UV-spectrophotometric assays of phosphatases.

5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-indolyl b-D-glucuronide (5BCIG) is an antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are enzymes that maintain the integrity of bacterial DNA. 5BCIG is detectable in tissues, and quantified in blood. It encodes a protein to the cell cytoplasm. The sensitivity of 5BCIG against clostridium perfringens was found to be 10 times higher than that of penicillin G or erythromycin. 5BCIG has optimal activity against clostridium perfringens when expressed functionally as a polypeptide.

Substrate for the detection of beta-D-fucosidase

Chromogenic substrate for cellulases; red color

Aldol® 518 myo-inositol phosphate is a chromogenic and fluorogenic enzyme substrate used for detection of phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC, EC 4.6.1.13) activity. The colorless enzyme substrate is cleaved by PI-PLC positive microorganisms grown in liquid or solid media, yielding intense red color. In combination with Aldol® 355 fluorescence enhancer, red fluorescence can also be obtained. Aldol® 518 myo-inositol phosphate thus enables the detection and identification of various bacteria, such as, pathogenic strains of Listeria, Clostridium, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus species. Aldol® 518 myo-inositol phosphate is suitable for use under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

4-Methylumbelliferyl-2-O-(alpha-L-fucopyranosyl)-alpha-L-fucopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate for alpha-L-fucosidase. After enzymatic cleaveage, free 4-methylumbelliferone (also known as hymecromone) is released, exhibiting blue fluorescence upon excitation with UV light. The strongest fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferone requires deprotonation of the hydroxyl group (thus requires alkaline pH), with a maximal fluorescence intensity obtained with excitation at 350 to 370 nm and emission at 440 to 470 nm. The use of 4-methylumbelliferyl-2-O-(alpha-L-fucopyranosyl)-alpha-L-fucopyranosideas a substrate for measuring the alpha-L-fucosidase activity is used for fucosidosis diagnosis.

Substrate for alkaline phosphatase

4-Methylumbelliferyl 2-azido-2-deoxy-3-O-(tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-galactopyranosyl)-4,6-O-benzylidene a D galactopyranoside is a chemiluminescent substrate for detecting ligands. It has been used to detect the presence of bacteria, fungi, and parasites in food samples and as an indicator for enzymatic activity. This product is an excellent fluorescent substrate for the detection of nucleic acids such as DNA. This product is a conjugate with high purity, which makes it suitable for use in various types of applications.

Aldol® 518 beta-D-glucopyranoside is a chromogenic and fluorogenic enzyme substrate used for detection of beta-glucosidase activity. The colorless enzyme substrate is cleaved by beta-glucosidase-producing bacteria in liquid or solid media, yielding intense red color and red fluorescence. Aldol® 518 beta-D-glucopyranoside can be used under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

3-Indoxyl caprylate is a chemiluminescent substrate that is used in the detection of bacteria. It has been shown to be a very sensitive and selective fluorogenic substrate for the detection of bacterial activity, which can be used with an appropriate enzyme reaction. 3-Indoxyl caprylate has also been shown to be a potent quencher of bioluminescence, and can be used as a chromogenic substrate in diagnostic assays. 3-Indoxyl caprylate is often used as a culture media supplement or food additive to enhance its growth properties. It has been found to have high purity and quality levels, making it suitable for use in diagnostics and research.

3-Nitrophenyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate to measure the activity of the alpha-galactosidase enzymes. Upon hydrolysis by galactosidase, 3NPG releases a yellowish product, 3-nitrophenol, which can be easily measured spectrophotometrically. Some of the applications include enzyme assays, screening for alpha-galactosidase-producing microorganisms, and studying the kinetics and inhibition of alpha-galactosidase enzymes.

Water soluble substrate for firefly luciferase. Used for imaging the expression of the LUC marker gene and luciferase-fusion conjugates in living cells, tissues and organisms. Extensively utilized in reporter gene assays, immunoassays and hygiene monitoring. Endotoxin free product.

Chromogenic β-Glucosaminidase substrate yielding a yellow absorbent solution upon cleavage.

Chromogenic substrates targeting beta-xylosidase

Applications 2-Hydroxyethanephosphonic acid is an substrate used in the study of 2-hydroxyethylphosphonate dioxygenase reaction mechanism. 2-Hydroxyethanephosphonic Acid is also a required intermediate in labelled Fosfomycin (F727502) biosynthesis. References Hirao, H., et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 14550 (2011); Hidaka, T., et al.: J. Antibiot., 45, 1008 (1992); Patel, S., et al.: Drugs, 53, 637 (1997); Ribes, S., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 57, 931 (2006)

4-Methylumbelliferyl phosphate, dilithium salt is a fluorescent probe that is used for the detection of phosphatases. The fluorescence of this compound is inversely proportional to the activity of phosphatases. This compound can be used as a substrate for phosphatases, which are enzymes that break down phosphate groups from compounds such as ATP, ADP, and AMP. 4-Methylumbelliferyl phosphate, dilithium salt reacts with surface antigens on cells and shows reproducible results when screened with monoclonal antibodies.

4-Nitrophenyl 2-O-(α-L-fucopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside is a chromogenic enzymatic substrate for the detection and quantification of glycosidases, such as fucosidases and galactosidases. Upon enzymatic cleavage, the substrate releases the p-nitrophenol chromophore, which can be quantified via colorimetric analysis. This pNP-conjugated compound enables the rapid, sensitive, and high-throughput detection of enzyme activity in various applications, including enzymatic assays, inhibitor screening, and mechanistic studies. Its precise specificity for α-L-fucopyranosyl and β-D-galactopyranoside moieties makes it an excellent tool for advancing research in glycobiology and related fields.

2-Naphthyl-lpha-D-glucopyranoside is a substrate for α-glucosidase. 2-Naphthol is released upon hydrolyzation. By simultaneous coupling with a suitable staining reagent, such as hexazonium p-rosaniline, the corresponding reddish-brown azo-dye is formed. Naphthols can also be detected by fluorescence analysis.

6-Fluoro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside is a fluorescent chromogenic substrate that is commonly used for the detection and quantification of beta-galactosidase activity. When this substrate is hydrolyzed by beta-galactosidase, it produces a fluorescent blue product that can be easily detected and measured using a fluorometer or spectrophotometer. This substrate is often used in microbiology and molecular biology research to study gene expression and enzyme kinetics, and is also used in medical diagnostics as a marker for specific diseases and conditions.

A substrate for visualising alkaline phosphatase activity. Produces a red colored insoluble end product that is detected visually, when used together with Nitroblue tetrazolium. The substrate system is versatile and functions in a variety of applications, including Northern, Southern, and Western blotting, in situ hybridization, ELISAs and immunohistochemistry. DMF soluble.

Chromogenic substrate for N-Acetyl-β-D-galactosaminidase yielding a salmon-colored precipitate.

Applications Phosphoglycolic Acid is used in studies pertaining to biological and metabolic processes. It can be used in the study of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (Ape) and its role in double strand break repair. It also has been seen to complex with cPEPCK (cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) during the study of its inhibition by various substrate analogues. References Suh, D. et al.: Nucl. Acids Res., 25, 2495 (1997); Stiffin, R. et al.: Biochem., 47, 2099 (2008);

4-Methylumbelliferyl myo-inositol 1-phosphate lithium salt is a fluorogenic substrate that is used in food testing to detect the presence of glucose. It can also be used in environmental testing to measure bacterial activity and as a chromogenic substrate in diagnostic applications. 4-Methylumbelliferyl myo-inositol 1-phosphate lithium salt is also used as an enzyme substrate in the determination of conjugates, ligands, and other substances. 4-Methylumbelliferyl myo-inositol 1-phosphate lithium salt has high purity and high quality, enabling it to be used for chemiluminescence and bioluminescence reactions.

4-Nitrophenyl hepta-O-acetyl-b-lactoside is a high-quality chromogenic pNP enzyme substrate that exhibits excellent sensitivity and specificity in enzyme assays. This synthetic compound is designed to react with β-galactosidase enzymes, generating a yellow product (4-nitrophenol) upon cleavage. The resulting color change allows for quantitative measurement of enzyme activity, providing valuable insights in various research applications including enzyme kinetics, screening of inhibitors, drug discovery, and molecular diagnostics. Our product ensures consistent results with minimal interference, making it a reliable choice for a wide range of biochemical applications.

Benzyl [13C6] 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranoside is a synthetic monosaccharide with a galactose backbone. The glycosylation of this molecule is the result of enzymatic modification by a glycosylase enzyme that specifically recognizes and removes the terminal glucose residue. This glycosylation process is called click chemistry because it occurs in one step, forming a covalent bond between the sugar and an acetamido group on the benzyl moiety. This product is available as bulk material or custom synthesis to meet your specific needs.

Aldol 496 acetate is a chromogenic substrate for the enzyme Aldolase. It is also used as a ligand to detect the presence of Aldolase in biological fluids and tissues. This product is designed for Food testing, Diagnostics, Chromogenic substrate, Staining, Enzyme substrate, Bioluminescence, Fluorogenic substrate, Chemiluminescence, and Culture media. Aldol 496 acetate is an organic chemical with high purity and high quality.

Chromogenic substrate for beta-galactosidase

4-Trifluoromethylumbelliferyl Tetra-O-acetylated alpha-D-N-Acetylneuraminate Methyl Ester is a chemiluminescent substrate that is often used in enzyme and immunoassays. It is a high purity, high quality chemical with a CAS number of 195210-09-4. The 4-Trifluoromethylumbelliferyl Tetra-O-acetylated alpha-D-N-Acetylneuraminate Methyl Ester is used in the detection of bacterial infections and can be used to measure the activity of enzymes such as lysozyme and peroxidase. This product has been tested for its ability to induce bioluminescence in bacteria grown in culture media, as well as for its ability to cause fluorescence or staining in cells or tissues. The 4TUMBTM Tetra O Acetylated

2-O-(4-Nitrophenyl)-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid sodium salt is a chromogenic substrate used to detect the enzymatic activity of neuraminidase or sialidase. After cleavage, the nitrophenyl moiety is released exhibiting a light yellowish color. 2-O-(4-Nitrophenyl)-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid sodium salt is used in bacterial neuraminidase activity assays.

Alternative chromogenic substrate for alpha-D-galactosidase

Modified naphtol AS substrate used in histochemical and cytochemical staining

6,8-Difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl b-D-cellotrioside is a ligand that binds to active sites of enzymes such as beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosidase. It is used in diagnostics for the detection of bacteria in culture media and food testing where it can be used as a chromogenic or fluorogenic substrate. 6,8-Difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl b-D-cellotrioside is also used to detect the presence of bacteria and fungi in environmental samples. It has a high purity and conjugate with other molecules for use in fluorescence microscopy.

5-Iodo-3-indolyl-b-D-galactopyranoside-6-sulfate sodium salt is a high purity, water soluble fluorogenic substrate for the detection of beta-galactosidase activity. This product is used in food testing, environmental testing, and diagnostics. 5-Iodo-3-indolyl-b-D-galactopyranoside (5IIAG) is a beta galactosidase substrate that provides a convenient method for determining beta galactosidase activity. This product is also used as an indicator to measure the rate of hydrolysis of ester bonds in other compounds that contain acid functional groups such as glycerides and oils.

4-Nitrophenyl 4,6-benzylidene-alpha-D-maltoheptaoside is a chromogenic substrate for alpha-amylase. Upon hydrolysis, para-nitrophenol is released yielding a yellowish colour. 4-Nitrophenyl 4,6-benzylidene-alpha-D-maltoheptaoside is used in different applications such as the Starch digestion studies, industrial enzyme optimization

4-Trifluoromethylumbelliferyl a-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid is a fluorescent chemiluminescent substrate that is used in the detection of beta-galactosidase activity. Beta-galactosidase catalyzes the hydrolysis of 4-trifluoromethylumbelliferyl a-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid to form 4-trifluoromethylumbelliferone and D-galactose, which emits light at approximately 480 nm. This reaction can be detected by fluorescence spectrophotometry using a fluorometer or photometer. 4TFUNA is not toxic, does not inhibit enzymes, and has been tested for toxicity and mutagenicity using bacteria and mammalian cells.

5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-indolyl a-D-galactopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate that yields a magenta-colored product after cleavage. The chromophore 5-bromo-6-chloro-indoxyl is released, generating the observable color. It is used in glycolipid metabolism studies.