Enzyme Substrates

2-O-(4-Nitrophenyl)-a-D-N-glycolylneuraminic acid is commonly used to measure the activity of sialidase enzymes, specifically those that cleave glycoconjugates containing 2-O-(4-nitrophenyl)-alpha-D-N-glycolylneuraminic acid. The resulting product can be detected by measuring the absorbance at a specific wavelength using a spectrophotometer. This substrate offers a high degree of specificity for glycolylneuraminic acid-containing substrates and is useful for both research and diagnostic purposes.

6,8-Difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl b-D-cellotetraoside is a chemiluminescent substrate for the detection of esterases. It is also used as an enzyme substrate in diagnostic applications and as a fluorogenic substrate in food testing. 6,8-Difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl b-D-cellotetraoside has been shown to be an excellent ligand for use in immunoassays and can be conjugated to antibodies or antigens. 6,8-Difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl b-D-cellotetraoside is chemically stable and has high purity and high quality.

2-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate that is used in enzyme assays. It can be used as a chromogenic substrate or conjugate with an enzyme to detect the presence of glucose.

Resorufin β-D-galactopyranoside is a non-fluorescent compound and is orange-yellow in color. It is hydrolyzed by the enzyme β-galactosidase (β-Gal) to yield fluorescent resorufin.

4-Nitrophenyl 2-O-(a-L-fucopyranosyl)-a-D-galactopyranoside is a chromogenic pNP enzyme substrate consisting of a fucose and galactose moieties. Upon enzymatic hydrolysis by specific fucosidases or galactosidases, it releases the highly chromogenic molecule 4-nitrophenol, which exhibits a distinct yellow color that can be monitored spectrophotometrically. This substrate is frequently used to study enzyme specificity, kinetics, and inhibition, and it plays a critical role in the investigation of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes), the screening of enzyme inhibitors, and the development of novel analytical methods for the detection and quantitation of enzyme activities.

4-Nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminide is a chromogenic substrate for N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase yielding a yellow solution upon cleavage.

4-Nitrophenyl O-(N-acetyl-a-neuraminosyl)-(2-6)-b-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate used in the detection of sialidase activity. It is also used as a chromogenic substrate in the determination of β -galactosidase activity.

Aldol® 458 phosphate is a chromogenic and fluorogenic enzyme substrate used for detection of phosphatase activity. The colorless enzyme substrate is cleaved by phosphatases secreted by bacteria grown in liquid media, yielding yellow color and green fluorescence. Aldol® 458 phosphate can also be used in assays involving phosphatase-coupled antibodies in immunoassay applications (ELISA). Aldol® 458 phosphate can be used under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

4-Nitrophenyl 2-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-a-D-mannopyranosyl)-a-D-mannopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate that is used as a diagnostic tool and can be used to detect the presence of β--glucosidase in the gut. It is also used as a conjugate with enzymes such as peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase for use in enzyme catalyzed reactions. The product has been shown to be active against a variety of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This product has been shown to produce chemiluminescence when incubated with horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. This product is light sensitive and should be stored at room temperature away from direct sunlight.

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4-Nitrophenyl a-D-maltopentaoside serves as a substrate for enzymes functioning in carbohydrate metabolism, including α-amylase and maltase. Upon enzymatic hydrolysis, it yields a yellow 4-nitrophenolate product that can be easily detected and monitored spectrophotometrically. 4-Nitrophenyl a-D-maltopentaoside . This substrate is ideal for research purposes in fields such as biochemistry, enzymology, and glycobiology, providing an efficient tool for characterizing maltopentaoside-related enzymes and understanding their mechanisms of action.

Applications Glu-P2 is highly mutagenic in the Ames test. Studies have shown that broiled fish, fried beef, commercial beef extracts and protein pyrolsylates contain this mutagen. References Sugimura, T., et al.: Cancer, 49, 1970 (1982), Ohgaki, H., et al.,: Carcinogenesis, 5, 921 (1984), Mutation Research, 187, 99-103 (1987), Sugimura, T., et al.: Mutation Research, 290, 43 (1993), Eisenbrand & Tang: Toxicology, 84, 1 (1993)

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Luciferin-alpha-D-galactoside, sodium salt (LDA) is a bioluminescence substrate. It is used in diagnostic tests for the detection of bacteria and fungi. LDA is also used to measure the effectiveness of biocides and disinfectants. This product has been shown to be a potent fluorogenic substrate in chemiluminescent assays that can be used effectively with firefly luciferase.

Chromogenic substrate for alkaline phosphatase

Crimson-Gal (Crimson-beta-D-galactopyranoside) is a chromogenic indicator for beta-galactosidase activity. The colorless product is cleaved by lactose-utilizing bacteria in liquid media or on agar plates and yields a crimson colored precipitate. Crimson-Gal can also be used as detecting agent for beta-galactosidase activity in reporter gene assays or for identification of positive transformants on agar plates when using the α-complementation approach. Read more in the Application Notes.

Aldol® 467 beta-D-galactopyranoside is a chromogenic and fluorogenic enzyme substrate used for detection of beta-galactosidase activity. The colorless product is cleaved by lactose-utilizing bacteria grown in liquid or solid media, yielding yellow coloration and green fluorescence. Aldol® 467 beta-D-galactopyranoside can also be used in beta-galactosidase gene reporter assays or immunoassay applications (ELISA). Aldol® 467 beta-D-galactopyranoside can be used under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

5-Octanoylaminofluoroscein di-b-D-glactopyranoside is a chemiluminescent substrate that can be used for the detection of peroxidase activity. It is a bifunctional substrate, which means it has two reactive groups: one at the 5 position and one at the 8 position. The 5-octanoylaminofluorescein reacts with hydrogen peroxide in a 1:1 ratio, emitting light at 490 nm. The 8-position amine reacts with 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline)6 sulphonic acid (ABTS) to produce an orange color product that acts as a chromogen. The substrate can be used in diagnostics, food testing, and enzyme substrates.

4-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-3,6-di-O -acetyl2 deoxy b D glucopyranosid e is a chemiluminescence substrate that reacts with hydrogen peroxide to produce light. It is used in diagnostics for the detection of bacterial and fungal cultures. The reaction between 4NPAA and hydrogen peroxide generates light at 540 nm. This product has been tested for purity and quality using various methods including culture media, environmental testing, bioluminescence, staining, fluorogenic substrate, enzyme substrate, food testing and conjugate.