Enzyme Substrates

Chromogenic substrate specific for α-D-mannosidase. Yields a blue precipitate upon cleavage. Identification of Listeria species.

Aldol® 515 beta-D-galactopyranoside is a chromogenic and fluorogenic enzyme substrate used for detection of beta-galactosidase activity. The colorless enzyme substrate is cleaved by lactose-utilizing bacteria in liquid or solid media, yielding intense red color as well as red fluorescence when a fluorescence enhancer or a suitable matrix is present. Aldol® 518 beta-D-galactopyranoside can also be used in beta-gal reporter gene assays or for identification of beta-gal positive transformants on agar plates. Aldol® 515 beta-D-galactopyranoside can be used under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Luc-B.cereus Na is a chemiluminescent substrate that is used for diagnostic purposes. This substrate emits light in the presence of peroxide and can be detected by a luminometer or photomultiplier tube. Luc-B.cereus Na is a high purity, high quality, and chemically stable product that can be stored at room temperature for up to one year. It has been tested for use with a wide variety of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Luc-B.cereus Na reacts with peroxide to produce light and is an excellent choice for use in diagnostics because it does not require any additional chemicals.

Bacillus cereus is a rod-shaped β hemolytic bacterium commonly found in food and soil. Some strains can be associated with food intoxications, mainly from raw meat and poultry products. One example is the so called “fried rice syndrome”, that occurs when dishes containing cooked rice are left for several hours at room temperature. Typical symptoms of the infection include severe nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Some strains of Bacillus cereus on the contrary are not harmful at all and they are used as probiotics food additives in animal farming to reduce the presence of other pathogens like Salmonella in the cecum end intestine. Bacillus cereus expresses phosphatidyl-choline specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), encoded by the plc gene, which is regulated by PlcR. In addition, the expression of PlcR is dependent on the growth medium. Luc-B.cereus Na (L-8275) is a synthetic chemiluminescent substrate for the phosphatidyl-choline specific phospholipase C. The enzyme cleaves off phosphocholine from L-8275, leading to the release of D-Luc, and consequent strong light emission B. cereus culture exhibited strong luminescence, while RLU values were much lower for samples with B. thuringiensis.

Luciferin-caprylate is a substrate for chemiluminescence, which is the light produced by a chemical reaction. It has been shown to have high quality and environmental testing as well as being a ligand for bioluminescence. Luciferin-caprylate can be used for diagnostics in the areas of culture media, food testing, and enzyme substrate. This compound can also be used as a fluorogenic substrate or conjugate.

Fluorogenic substrate for detection of β-D-mannosidase.

Monofluoresceinated mannitol is a fluorescently labeled form of mannitol. It is used as a tracer for metabolism studies.

This Clips-O substrate 7-((4'-L-Alaninamido)-rac-3'-hydroxybutyloxy) coumarin allows the detection of single and dual enzymatic activity (L-alanine aminopetidase and oxidation of 4-amino-3-hydroxybutyloxy spacer either enzymatically or by exposure to sodium periodate) with a single substrate resulting in a fluorescent signal. The main virtues of Clips-O substrates are an increased stability towards non-enzymatic hydrolysis that results in a reduced background and high sensitivity.

4-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-3-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-4,6-di-O-acetyl-2deoxy--aDgalactopyranoside is a substrate for enzymes such as beta galactosidase and alpha amylase. It can be used for the detection of these enzymes in biological samples, including culture media and body fluids. 4NPAG has also been used as a chromogenic substrate to measure the activity of NADH oxidase in neutrophils. 4NPAG is fluorescent in aqueous solution and can be used to detect bioluminescence reactions.

6-Bromo-2-naphthyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate used for the detection of chitinase activity. Upon hydrolysis by chitinase, it releases a yellow-brown color, which is easily detected by spectrophotometry. This substrate has been used to study chitinases in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and insects. It can also be used to quantitate chitinase activity in various biological samples.

The Aldol® 470 N-tosyl-L-alanine ester is a high purity, high quality fluorogenic substrate for the enzyme alkaline phosphatase. It is a conjugate of the tosyl group with L-alanine and has been used as a fluorogenic substrate in various food testing applications. The Aldol® 470 N-tosyl-L-alanine ester also has several other uses including in diagnostic methods, culture media, and enzyme substrates.

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A substrate for visualising alkaline phosphatase activity. Produces a red colored insoluble end product that is detected visually, when used together with nitroblue tetrazolium. The substrate system is versatile and functions in a variety of applications, including Northern, Southern, and Western blotting, in situ hybridization, ELISAs and immunohistochemistry. DMF soluble.

As an alternative to commonly used colorimetric and fluorescent substrates, 3-(2'-Spiroadamantane)-4-methoxy-4-(3''-phosphoryloxy)phenyl-1,2-dioxetane, abbreviated AMPPD, is a chemiluminescent substrate for alkaline phosphatase (ALP). It allows detection of alkaline phosphatase at a high sensitivity. Literature reports that the co-presence of 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) leads to a signal increase of 10-folds under selected conditions.

Applications A labelled mutagenic component isolated from L-glutamic acid pyrolysate. References Sugimura, T., et al.: Cancer, 49, 1970 (1982), Sugimura, T., et al.: Mutation Research, 290, 43 (1993), Eisenbrand & Tang: Toxicology, 84, 1 (1993)

Chemiluminescence substrate for AP detection

Used in biological studies as a chromogenic substrate for β-galactosidase; red color.Chlorophenol red indicates changes of pH in the range of 4.8 to 6.7 by turning the solution from yellow (at pH 4.8) to violet (at pH 6.7). Converted as signalogenic moiety of an enzyme substrate, chlorophenol red beta-D-galactopyranoside has a good proven sensitivity in the detection of beta-galactosidase activity in transfected mammalian cells, when compared to ONPG (o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside) (Eustice, 1991)