Enzyme Substrates

For visualizing enzymatic activity

Chromogenic substrate for α-galactosidase yielding a blue precipitate. Used for species differentiation within the family Enterobacteriaceae and differentiation of Bifido bacteria species from Lactobacillus species.

5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-cellobioside is a crystalline compound that is used in microbiological studies. It inhibits the growth of organisms by binding to active enzymes and preventing the formation of ATP. The crystalline form of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3 indoxyl beta D cellobioside has been shown to be effective against recombinantly produced proteins in proteomic studies. This compound has also been shown to inhibit the activity of hydrolytic enzymes, which are involved in both carbohydrate and protein metabolism. 5-Bromo-4 chloro 3 indoxyl beta D cellobioside has been found to be expressed at endogenous levels in a number of organs, including the liver, kidney, brain, and spleen.

L-Histidine 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin hydrochloride is a fluorogenic substrate, which is a synthetic chemical that is used as a substitute for natural substrates. It reacts with enzymes in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to produce light. This product has been used as an enzyme substrate, a diagnostic tool and has been used to detect bacterial growth in culture media. L-Histidine 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin hydrochloride is also used for food testing and environmental testing, where it can be used as a chromogenic substrate or conjugate respectively. This product has CAS number 5981-00-6 and molecular weight of 254.27 g/mol.

Luc-phosphate Na enhanced is a bioluminescent substrate used to detect phosphatase activity in bacterial assays.

4-Nitrophenyl 4,6-benzylidene-2-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-[4-methoxybenzyl]-a-D-glucopyranosyl)-a-D-glucopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate that is used in diagnostic assays to measure the activity of enzymes such as β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase. It is also an enzyme substrate for culture media and chemiluminescence. This product has a CAS number of 57316-92-8.

Caspase substrates are a class of pharmacological agents that regulate apoptosis. Caspases are proteases that cleave specific proteins in the cell, leading to apoptosis. Pro-apoptotic proteins activate caspases, while anti-apoptotic proteins inhibit them. Caspase substrates can be either pro-caspase or anti-caspase, depending on the desired effect. They may also be used to regulate caspases without affecting their activity. The caspase substrate is cleaved by caspases and releases a polypeptide fragment that triggers apoptosis in some cells, but not others. For example, the Hl-60 cell line is resistant to the pro-apoptotic effects of the substrate because it contains an anti-apoptotic protein called Bcl-2. In contrast, myocardial cells contain pro-apoptotic proteins and are sensitive to the pro-apoptotic effects of the substrate. In

Aldol® 515 caprylate is a chromogenic and fluorogenic enzyme substrate used for detection of lipase activity. The colorless enzyme substrate is cleaved by C8 esterases, yielding development of red coloration. In addition, red fluorescence is generated when Aldol® 355 fluorescence enhancer or a suitable matrix is present. Aldol® 515 caprylate can be used in enzyme assays and live bacterial cultures. Aldol® 515 caprylate is suitable for use in liquid and solid media, under aerobic as well as anaerobic conditions.

4-Methylumbelliferone is a fluorescent probe that can be used to study the metabolism of fatty acids in plants. It is also used as a marker for radiation and significant cytotoxicity. 4-Methylumbelliferone binds to the DNA termini, specifically at the 5' phosphate group, and inhibits phosphatase activity. This process increases levels of p-nitrophenyl phosphate (a substrate), which produces protocatechuic acid (an intermediate). The disulfide bond is then broken by hydrogen peroxide, leading to an increase in fluorescence. The optimum pH for this process is 7.5.

6-Chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate for beta-galactosidase that yields a salmon or rose-coloured precipitate and hence is also known as Salmon-Gal. It can be used in conjunction with isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) as an alternative to the chromogenic substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal) for detection of beta-galactosidase activity in bacterial colonies in colorimetric assays. Where beta-galactosidase expressed from a reporter gene in molecular biology experiments, recombinant colonies on growth plates are salmon-coloured while non-recombinants appear as white. Use of nitroblue tetrazolium salt (NBT) with Salmon-Gal may provide faster results, yielding a clear, purple precipitate, than for Salmon-Gal alone. In conjunction with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-glucoside (X-Glc), Salmon-Gal is useful for simultaneous detection of GUS and Lac activities in the same medium.

6'-(Diethylamino)spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-[9H]xanthen]-3'-yl b-D-galactopyranoside is a chemiluminescent substrate for the detection of ATP. It reacts with the luciferase enzyme to produce light, which can be detected by a luminometer. 6'-(Diethylamino)spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-[9H]xanthen]-3'-yl b-D-galactopyranoside is used in a variety of applications, including diagnostics, food testing, and environmental monitoring.

5-Amino-3-indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (AIG) is a chromogenic substrate that is used for the detection of beta-galactosidase activity. AIG is also used in food testing, diagnostics, and environmental testing. The detection of beta-galactosidase activity can be done by either using the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl galactopyranoside or the bioluminescence system of firefly luciferase and luciferin. This product has a CAS number of 110114-03-0 and a molecular weight of 417.5 g/mol.

N-(3-Sulfopropyl)-3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) sodium salt is a highly sensitive chromogenic substrate used for the detection and quantification of peroxidase enzyme activity. This water-soluble substrate undergoes a color change from colorless to blue upon oxidation by peroxidase enzymes in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The reaction can be stopped by adding an acid, resulting in a yellow color that can be measured spectrophotometrically. TMB sodium salt is widely used in various applications, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), immunohistochemistry, and other diagnostic tests, due to its high sensitivity, low background signal, and excellent stability.

N-CBZ-L-Lysyl-L-lysyl-L-arginine 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin triacetate is a synthetic peptide substrate used as a fluorogenic substrate for aminopeptidase.

6-Chloro-1H-indol-3-yl hexadecanoate is a chromogenic substrate for an enzyme that oxidizes it to produce a blue color. It can be used in the diagnosis of bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis and leprosy. 6CHIH is a ligand for various enzymes, including lactate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid. This compound reacts with oxygen to produce light in the presence of a catalyst. 6CHIH is also used as a fluorescent tag for protein labeling and detection. 6CHIH has been shown to be effective in detecting bacteria in food products and water samples using bioluminescence techniques. The high purity and quality of this compound make it suitable for use in diagnostics, culture media, and environmental testing.