Enzyme Substrates

L-Serine 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin hydrochloride is a fluorogenic peptide substrate for peptidases. This AMC peptide substrate is normally used to rapidly profile the N-terminal specificity of proteases.

4-Methylumbelliferyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside-6-sulfate potassium salt is a fluorogenic substrate for N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase. After enzymatic cleaveage, free 4-methylumbelliferone (also known as hymecromone) is released, exhibiting blue fluorescence upon excitation with UV light. The strongest fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferone requires deprotonation of the hydroxyl group (thus requires alkaline pH), with a maximal fluorescence intensity obtained with excitation at 350 to 370 nm and emission at 440 to 470 nm. The use of 4-methylumbelliferyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside-6-sulfate potassium saltas a substrate for measuring the N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase activity is used for diagnosis of Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA) (a rare lysosomal storage disorder) and Morquio A syndrome screening.

Chromogenic substrate for ?-L-fucosidase

4-Nitrophenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-a-D-mannopyranoside is a highly sensitive and efficient chromogenic substrate designed for the detection and quantification of α-D-mannosidases. These enzymes play a crucial role in the degradation and metabolism of glycoproteins and glycolipids, thus having high importance in biotechnology and biochemical research. When acted upon by α-D-mannosidase, this substrate releases a bright yellow product, 4-nitrophenol, which is easily measured spectrophotometrically at 405 nm. This enables quick and accurate analysis in various applications such as enzyme kinetics, inhibitor screening, and activity assays.

Applications Phenylbutazone(diphenyl-d10) is the isotope labelled analog of Phenylbutazone (P319570); a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound and an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase that is also a substrate for peroxidation by cyclooxygenase. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Ali, S.L., Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 11, 483 (1982); Hughes, M.F., et al.: Mol. Pharmacol., 34, 186 (1988)

FLsharp™ - Phosphate, disodium salt is a fluorogenic water-soluble substrate for phosphatase enzymes. Its chemical name is 6-Chloro-2-[5-chloro-2-(phosphonooxy)phenyl]-4(1H)-quinazolinone disodium salt and was developed by Molecular Probes in the 1990s. After cleavage of the substrate by phosphatase activity, an insoluble product is formed that is highly fluorescent in the solid state. Upon UV irradiation this very stable fluorophore emits green light in the 530 nm range for an extended period of time. FLsharp™ is a unique substrate - optimized for the detection of phosphatase activity in solid matrices such as agar media, tissue sections or microscopic preparations. FLsharp™ - Phosphate, disodium salt is used in microbiology as a substrate for bacterial phosphatases.

AquaSpark® beta-D-galactoside, 10 mM in DMSO is a fluorogenic substrate for beta-galactosidase. This is typically used at 10 - 50 µM final concentration. Cymit Quimica provides AquaSpark® beta-D-galactoside as a 10 mM stock solution in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for convenience and improved storage stability. See here for further information: AquaSpark Chemiluminescence | Cymit Quimica

Aldol® 455 is a substrate for the enzyme beta-galactosidase. It is used in food testing, staining, and environmental testing. Aldol® 455 has been shown to be a good substrate for fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates. It can be conjugated with an antibody or other ligand for use in immunoassays. Aldol® 455 is of high purity and high quality, making it suitable for use in diagnostics and as an enzyme substrate. This product can also be used as a culture media additive.

Dehydroluciferin is a synthetic analogue of luciferin, which is naturally found in fireflies. It has a high resistance to degradation by the target enzymes and is used as a substrate in chemiluminescent assays. Dehydroluciferin reacts with luciferase to produce light that can be measured using a photomultiplier tube. The light emission is proportional to the amount of enzyme activity present in the sample and may be used to determine the presence of specific enzymes in test samples. This compound also reacts with disulfide bonds, which are found in proteins, such as cytochrome P450, that are involved in metabolism.

Colchicine fluorescein is the fluorogenic form of colchicine. It is used for staining assembly of tubulin. Colchicine-site inhibitors (abbrevated as CBSIs) disrupt tubulin polymerization. Colchicine fluorescein serves as a probe to study the binding of colchicine to tubulin, as the colchicine binding site is a promising target for discovering novel antitumour agents.

4-Methylumbelliferyl-2-O-(alpha-L-fucopyranosyl)-beta-L-fucopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate for alpha-L-fucosidase. After enzymatic cleaveage, free 4-methylumbelliferone (also known as hymecromone) is released, exhibiting blue fluorescence upon excitation with UV light. The strongest fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferone requires deprotonation of the hydroxyl group (thus requires alkaline pH), with a maximal fluorescence intensity obtained with excitation at 350 to 370 nm and emission at 440 to 470 nm. The use of 4-methylumbelliferyl-2-O-(alpha-L-fucopyranosyl)-beta-L-fucopyranosideas a substrate for measuring the alpha-L-fucosidase activity is used for diagnosis of fucosidosis (defficiency of L-fucosidase).

2-Nitrophenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-galactopyranoside is a fluorescent substrate for β-galactosidase. It is used in food testing, environmental testing and diagnostics. This substrate is also used to detect the presence of β-galactosidase activity in cells and tissues. 2NPTABG provides a fluorescence signal that can be detected with an ultraviolet light or a luminometer. The luminescence intensity decreases when it reacts with β-galactosidase enzyme. This product has a CAS number of 3053-17-6 and is available at high purity levels.

4-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-3-O-[2-O-a-L-fucopyranosyl-b-D-galactopyranosyl)-2-deoxyb-D-galactopyranoside is a water soluble, fluorescent probe that can be used for detecting the presence of β-(1→4) -linked galactosaminoglycans. The dye is a substrate for enzymes such as α--mannosidase, β--glucuronidase and β--galactosidase. The dye is also an excellent ligand for lectins such as concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin. This product is a diagnostic reagent that has been shown to have high purity and quality. It has CAS No. 93496-53-8 and can be used in food testing, bioluminescence, environmental testing, or high purity applications.

D-Alanine 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin free base is a chromogenic substrate that is used in diagnostic testing. It is used to identify the presence of beta-lactamase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics, by turning the substrate into a bright blue color. D-Alanine 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin free base can also be used as a fluorescent substrate for bioluminescence or chemiluminescence reactions. This product is high quality and has CAS number 201847-51-0.

4-Nitrophenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-thioglucopyranoside is a fluorescent dye that is used in recording and registration. It has been shown to be a very sensitive reporter of protein interactions in living cells. This dye binds to proteins via the hydroxyl groups on its sugar moiety, and has been shown to bind to a variety of proteins such as myosin light chain kinase and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase. The fluorescent properties of this dye make it useful for tracking protein localization in the cell.

2-O-(2-Nitrophenyl)-a-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid is a chromogenic substrate specifically designed for the detection and quantification of sialidase (neuraminidase) enzyme activity. Neuraminidases are enzymes that cleave sialic acid residues from glycoconjugates, and are produced by many microorganisms, including influenza viruses. Upon cleavage by sialidase, this substrate releases a yellow-colored 2-nitrophenol product, which can be easily monitored spectrophotometrically. This substrate is widely used in various applications, including enzyme kinetics studies, inhibitor screening, and the detection of bacterial and viral neuraminidases in clinical and environmental samples.

4-Nitrophenyl 6-O-benzoyl-3,4-O-isopropylidene-a-D-galactopyranoside (4NBP) is a fluorogenic substrate for β-galactosidase. It has been used as an enzyme substrate in the detection of β-galactosidase activity. 4NBP is also used to detect the presence of galactose in culture media and as a chromogenic substrate in diagnostics.

DL-Luciferin 1-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl ester is a fluorogenic substrate that is used to measure the activity of various enzymes. It can be used in food testing and diagnostics and as an indicator for chemiluminescence. DL-Luciferin 1-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl ester binds to the enzyme substrate and is then converted by the enzyme into a fluorescent product. This product can be measured using a fluorometer or luminometer.

4-Nitrophenyl 2-O-(a-D-mannopyranosyl)-a-D-mannopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate for the enzyme, beta-glucosidase. It is used as a food additive to test for the presence of alpha and beta glucosidases in foods. This product is also commonly used as an enzyme substrate and conjugate in biochemical research and diagnostic applications.

Chromogenic substrate for beta-D-galactosidase yielding a lapis colored precipitate. 5-Bromo-3-indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside can be used in conjunction with Isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalacto-pyranoside as an alternative to 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal), producing a darker blue color for detection of beta-galactosidase activity in bacterial colonies in a colorimetric assay to detect recombinants (white) from non-recombinants (blue). 5-Bromo-3-indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside is also used in histochemistry to demonstrate beta-galactosidase activity in tissues.

4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-xylopyranoside is a fluorescent probe that has been used to visualize the enzyme activities of glycosidases, such as endoglycosidase H and α-amylase. It is also used as a tool in structural analysis of oligosaccharides. 4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-xylopyranoside has been shown to inhibit collagenase activity in mice, which may be due to its ability to inhibit protein synthesis and cell division.

Aldol 515 caprylate hydrochloride is a high-quality fluorogenic substrate that is used for the detection of enzymes in culture media and enzyme substrates. The product has a CAS number of 2484873-14-3 and can be used for food testing, diagnostics, and environmental testing. Aldol 515 caprylate hydrochloride can also be used as a ligand or chromogenic substrate to measure bioluminescence.

4-Nitrophenyl b-D-cellobioside heptacetate is a fluorogenic substrate that is used in food testing and environmental testing. The product is an enzyme substrate that can be used as a conjugate to produce chemiluminescence or bioluminescence. 4-Nitrophenyl b-D-cellobioside heptacetate has CAS number 69948-03-4 and is of high purity and quality. It has been shown to have good fluorescence properties, which makes it ideal for use in fluorescence microscopy applications.

4-Methylumbelliferyl 4-deoxychitobiose is a fluorescent substrate used to detect the activity of chitinase. It is a chromogenic substrate that can be used in diagnostic applications and provides a fluorescence response upon hydrolysis. This product is highly pure, with a minimum of 98% purity. It can be used as an enzyme substrate for the detection of chitinase activity or as a ligand for immunoassays.

COX inhibitor; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Modified naphtol AS substrate used in histochemical and cytochemical staining

4-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-3-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy--4,6--O--4--methoxybenzylidene--a--D--galactopyranoside is a chemiluminescent substrate for the enzyme beta galactosidase. It reacts with this enzyme to form 4 nitrophenol and acetamide. 4 Nitrophenyl 2 acetamido 3 O (3,4,6 tri O acetyl 2 deoxy 2 phthalimido b D glucopyranosyl) 2 deoxy 4 6 O 4 methoxybenzylidene a D galactopyranoside is used as a chromogenic substrate in diagnostics and as an environmental testing agent. It can be used as an imaging

Chromogenic substrate targeting the beta-galactosidase enzyme

​Aldol® 455 alpha-D-maltopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate developed by Cymit Quimica, designed for the detection of maltosidases.

Ostazin Brilliant Red H-3B is a water soluble, non-toxic, and non-hazardous substrate for enzymes that catalyze reactions involving the cleavage of β-D-glucosides. It is used as a chromogenic or fluorogenic substrate in diagnostic tests. Ostazin Brilliant Red H-3B can also be used in bioluminescence reaction with luciferase to measure ATP levels in living cells.

2-Methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-a)pyrazin-3-one hydrochloride (ABI) is a potent and selective inhibitor of the enzyme toll-like receptor. The drug has been shown to decrease the metabolic rate in experimental models. ABI has also been used as an analog for other compounds to study their effects on redox potentials and reactive species. It is unclear how ABI inhibits protein synthesis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One possible mechanism is that it may inhibit the binding of primers to DNA. ABI also inhibits the production of chemokines which are small proteins that stimulate inflammatory responses. This drug can be used in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

Chromogenic substrate targeting lipase, C8 esterase

5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl b-D-galactopyranoside 6-sulphate (BCIGS) is a chemiluminescent substrate that reacts with an enzyme to produce light. It has been used for the detection of various substances, including 5'-nucleotidase, 5'-adenosine monophosphate phosphohydrolases, and alkaline phosphatase. BCIGS can be used as a chromogenic substrate in the fluorometric assay of glucose oxidase and galactose oxidase. BCIGS is also used as a ligand in immunological reactions such as immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and radioimmunoassay.

(+)-Biotin 4-amidobenzoic acid sodium salt, often referred as (+)-biotin PABA, is a fluorogenic substrate used to measure biotinidase activity, especially in newborn screening programs.

6-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)umbelliferyl b-D-cellotrioside is a fluorogenic substrate for cellulases and beta-glucosidases. After hydrolisis, the fluorophore TFMU is released generating a blue fluorescence.

Modified naphtol AS substrate used in histochemical and cytochemical staining

Aldol® 495 beta-D-galactopyranoside is a chromogenic and fluorogenic enzyme substrate used for detection of beta-galactosidase activity. The colorless enzyme substrate is cleaved by lactose-utilizing bacteria in liquid or solid media, yielding orange color as well as green fluorescence if a fluorescence enhancer or a suitable matrix are present. Aldol® 495 beta-D-galactopyranoside can also be used in beta-gal reporter gene assays or for identification of beta-gal positive transformants on agar plates. Aldol® 495 beta-D-galactopyranoside can be used under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

4-Bromo-2-nitrophenyl b-D-galactopyranoside is a chemiluminescent substrate that reacts with an excess of luciferase to produce light. It is used as a reagent in the detection of ATP, NADH, and other compounds in biochemistry and biology. 4-Bromo-2-nitrophenyl b-D-galactopyranoside is also used in diagnostic kits for detecting bacterial or fungal contamination in food.

6,8-Difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl b-D-glucopyranoside is a versatile fluorogenic substrate suitable for the measurement of various glycosidase enzymes. Its unique structure allows for enhanced sensitivity and selectivity in enzyme assays, making it ideal for studying enzyme kinetics and screening of potential enzyme inhibitors.

Applications 4-Methylumbelliferyl 6-Sulfo-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside Sodium Salt is an analogue of 4-Methylumbelliferyl 6-Sulfo-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside Potassium Salt (M334950) which is shown to be a substrate for the lysosomal N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulphate sulphatase. References He, W., et al.: J. inher. Metab. Dis., 16, 935 (1993)