Enzyme Substrates

N-Acetyl-5-bromo-3-indoxyl-2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid methyl ester is a chromogenic substrate that can be used for the detection of bile acids and bilirubin in food testing. It is a conjugate of an acetylated 2,3,4 triacetyl glucuronic acid methyl ester with 5 bromo 3 indoxyl. This product has high purity and high quality.

Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-PAB-Resorufin is fluorogenic substrate for thrombin and the thrombin-staphylocoagulase complex.

5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl butyrate is a colorimetric substrate used to detect and quantify esterase activity. Upon hydrolysis by esterases, it yields a blue-green dye, allowing the detection and quantification of enzyme activity. It is commonly used in assays for the screening of esterase-producing microorganisms and in research aimed at understanding the role of esterases in various cellular processes.

Water soluble, chromogenic substrate for visualizing alkaline phosphatase activity. Produces a blueinsoluble end product that is detected visually when used together with nitroblue tetrazolium. The substrate system is versatile and functions in a variety of applications, including Northern, Southern, and Western blotting, in situhybridization, ELISAs and immunohistochemistry.

ONPG is a chromogenic substrate for beta-galactosidase and it is used for colorimetric assays and environmental impact assessment.

5-Bromo-3-indolyl phosphate disodium salt is a chemiluminescent substrate that is used for the detection of bacterial activity. It reacts with oxygen to produce light, which can be measured using a luminometer. It is also used as a chromogenic substrate for detection of bacterial activity in culture media. The enzyme reaction produces an intense blue fluorescence and is used for diagnostic purposes in food testing and medical diagnostics. 5-Bromo-3-indolyl phosphate disodium salt has been shown to be effective against many bacteria and fungi, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. This product is chemically stable at room temperature but should be stored at 4°C or below.

STAADIUM(TM) PeptiZide L-Ala, Patent pending is a chemiluminescent substrate that reacts with hydrogen peroxide to produce light. It can be used in diagnostic applications such as the detection of blood or fecal stains and in tests for the presence of enzymes or antibodies. STAADIUM(TM) PeptiZide L-Ala, Patent pending is an excellent choice for use with bacterial culture media and food testing. This product has been shown to have high purity and quality.

Beta-naphthyl stearate is a chromogenic substrate for measuring enzymatic activity.

Modified naphtol AS substrate used in histochemical and cytochemical staining

p-Nitrophenylphosphorylcholine is a substrate molecule for enzymes that catalyze phospholipid biosynthesis. It is the most common substrate used to study the enzyme activity of phosphatidylcholine synthase and phospholipase A2 in human serum. The reaction mechanism is not well understood, but it appears to involve autocatalysis and an initial nucleophilic attack by p-nitrophenolate on the carbonyl carbon atom of the choline moiety. p-Nitrophenylphosphorylcholine has been shown to exhibit receptor activity on cells, which may be due to its ability to bind with basic proteins. This compound can also inhibit meiosis in Drosophila melanogaster and increase levels of natriuretic peptides in rats, as well as cause cell lysis and polymerase chain reactions in mammalian cells.

Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is a widely used marker enzyme in ELISA as the enzyme is easily conjugated with antibodies, is extremely stable, has high catalytic activity and a broad substrate spectrum. Highly sensitive sensing of alkaline phosphatase activity is therefore of great significance for the development of AP-based ELISA platforms. Our AquaSpark® phosphatase substrate is designed for the most sensitive ELISA and Western blot detection methods. AquaSpark® -based substrates work as single reagent without the need for enhancers, co-substrates or any additional reagent as opposite to traditional dioxetanes. In ELISA procedures the AquaSpark® phosphatase substrate solution is applied to the test at the last step of the procedure. Green light is emitted immediately if AP-conjugated (secondary) antibody is bound to its corresponding detecting (first) antibody.

Bis-(4-methylumbelliferyl)phosphate, or bis-4MU-phopshate, is a fluorogenic substrate used to study phosphatase activity, particularly in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).

X-Gal is a chromogenic substrate for β-galactosidase, yielding a blue precipitate. X-Gal is an indicator for coliforms in culture media, as well as for the detection of coliforms (E. coli) in municipal water supplies and food products. X-Gal can be used in conjunction with the inducer IPTG, which binds and inhibits the lac repressor thus inducing β-galactosidase expression. X-Gal is the substrate of choice for blue-white selection of recombinant bacterial colonies with the lac+ genotype. Upon hydrolysis, X-Gal yields a localized, insoluble, blue precipitate, making it exceptionally useful in blotting, immunocytochemical, and ELISA assays. 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-beta-D-galactoside, X-Gal) is a chromogenic indicator for beta-galactosidase activity. The colorless product is cleaved by lactose-utilizing bacteria in liquid media or on agar plates and yields a blue-green colored precipitate. X-Gal can also be used as a detecting agent for beta-galactosidase activity in reporter gene assays or for identification of positive transformants on agar plates when using the α-complementation approach. Color formation is due to dimerization and oxidation of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxyindole which results from enzymatic cleavage of X-Gal. The reaction proceeds only in the presence of oxygen, i.e. in aerobic cultures. Well detectable color bacterial colonies or liquid cultures is obtained within 16-48 h. In the presence of purified beta-galactosidase, color develops within minutes to a few hours.

Aldol® 455 alpha-D-glucopyranoside is a synthetic fluorescent sugar that has been used in the diagnosis of bacterial infections. It has been used as a substrate for the enzyme beta-galactosidase and as a conjugate with anti-bacterial antibodies, which can be used to detect bacteria in urine and blood samples. Aldol® 455 alpha-D-glucopyranoside is also commonly used in the detection of bacteria in food and environmental samples. The product has a high purity level and quality.

This product is designed for the sensitive color detection andidentification of various bacteria, such as pathogenic strains of Listeria, Clostridium, Bacillus and Staphylococcus. 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl myo-inositol-1-phosphate (X-phos-inositol; X-IP) is a chromogenic indicator for phosphatidyl-inositol specific phospholipase C(PI-PLC, EC 4.6.1.13). The colorless product is cleaved by PI-PLC positive microorganisms in liquid media or on solid culture media and yields a blue-green color precipitate.

The maunfacturing of blue jeans started 150 years ago as workwear, and are found nowadays in almost every wardrobe. Their renowned indigo color tone is truly unique; nevertheless, the high demand for the dye poses serious sustainability and environmental problems connected with its manufacturing process. Recently, a group of scientists presented an alternative indigo dyeing method inspired by the indoxyl glucoconjugate present in the plant P.tinctorium. The researchers proposed as an alternative approach a biocatalytic process using recombinant E.coli to access water soluble β-gluco-indoxyl (indican). At the point of coloring, indican gets hydrolyzed by β-glucosidase enzymes forming indoxyl, which suddenly undergoes oxidation to leucoindigo and further crystallizes to indigo giving the typical blue denim its signature character.

6-(b-D-Galactopyranosyloxy)-9-(4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-3H-xanthen-3-one (MGBG) is a hydrophilic activatable fluorescence probe that has been shown to be effective in photodynamic therapy. MGBG is activated by light and has a high affinity for esterases, which are found in many tissues. The fluorescence of the MGBG is quenched by the esterase enzymes, but when it is exposed to light and oxygen, the probe becomes activated and its fluorescence increases. MGBG can be used as a fluorescent probe for intraperitoneal tumor resection or as a fluorescent imaging agent in optical microscopy.

6-Bromo-2-naphthyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate used in enzyme assays to detect and measure the activity of enzymes that act on alpha-galactosides. It is a type of glycoside inhibitor of α-galactosidase and other glycosidases that hydrolyze galactose and other sugar derivatives. The product is used to study the changes in enzyme activity over time or in response to different conditions.

3-Nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside is a chromogenic enzyme substrate commonly used to assay for beta-glucosidase activity. Upon hydrolysis by the enzyme, it produces a yellow product that can be easily detected by spectrophotometry. This substrate is often used in the field of carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry to study enzyme kinetics and inhibition in both in vitro and in vivo systems.

Used as substrate for chemiluminescent assay of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) to produce a blue colour precipitate when cleaved.

Chromogenic substrate for ?-xylosidase

3-Indolyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranoside is a substrate used for the detection of the enzyme N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG). The enzyme hydrolyzes the NAG conjugate, releasing indole that can be detected through a colorimetric assay. This method is commonly used in clinical chemistry to evaluate kidney function, as NAG is excreted in urine and increased levels may indicate renal injury or disease. The indole NAG assay is also used in microbiology to detect the presence of NAG-producing bacteria.

N-alpha-CBZ-L-Arginine 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin hydrochloride is a Ffluorogenic substrate used in protease activity assays.

Luciferin-beta-D-glucoside, potassium salt is a conjugate of luciferin and beta-D-glucose. This compound is a substrate for enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of luciferin to generate light. It can be used in diagnostic tests as a chromogenic or fluorogenic substrate to detect specific substances, such as metals and microbes.

4-Methylumbelliferyl acetate is a fluorescent compound that can be used to measure the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes. The fluorescence intensity of 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate increases when it reacts with substrates and inhibitors in vitro. This chemical has been shown to inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase in rat liver microsomes, which may lead to blood disorders. It also inhibits coumarin derivatives and human pathogens, such as erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). 4-Methylumbelliferyl acetate is used as a substrate for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis because it is not susceptible to hydrolysis by esterases.

4-Methylumbelliferyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-(alpha-L-fucopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate for alpha-L-fucosidase. After enzymatic cleaveage, free 4-methylumbelliferone (also known as hymecromone) is released, exhibiting blue fluorescence upon excitation with UV light. The strongest fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferone requires deprotonation of the hydroxyl group (thus requires alkaline pH), with a maximal fluorescence intensity obtained with excitation at 350 to 370 nm and emission at 440 to 470 nm. The use of 4-methylumbelliferyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-(alpha-L-fucopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosideas a substrate for measuring the alpha-L-fucosidase activity is used for fucosidosis diagnosis (deficiency of the enzyme alpha-L-fucosidase) and glycoprotein metabolism disorder detection.

4-Methylumbelliferyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-b-D-galactopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate that is used in the detection of galactosidases. It has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of these enzymes and can be used to study the activity of various galactosidases. This substrate is used in the measurement of carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis and glycogenolysis. 4-Methylumbelliferyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-b-D-galactopyranoside has been shown to produce chemiluminescence when reacted with horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. It also produces bioluminescence when exposed to luciferase and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

4-Methylumbelliferyl a-L-idopyranosiduronic acid is an ester that is used as a marker for the identification of glycolipids. It is a fluorogenic substrate for alpha-L-iduronidase used as a marker for the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, including diabetic neuropathy. 4-Methylumbelliferyl a-L-idopyranosiduronic acid has been shown to inhibit inflammation and cancer, although it is not currently approved for this use. The mechanism by which 4-methylumbelliferyl a-L-idopyranosiduronic acid inhibits inflammation may be due to its ability to block cation channels on the surface of cells, thereby preventing inflammatory mediators from entering cells.

4-Nitrophenyl 2,3-di-O-(b-D-glucopyranosyl)-b-D-glucopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate that can be used to detect the presence of β-glucuronidase in human and animal tissue. The compound is also a fluoroquinolone substrate for the detection of β-lactamase activity. 4NPBG is used in diagnostics as well as food testing, due to its ability to detect bacteria in both food and water samples. 4NPBG is a chemiluminescent substrate that emits light upon hydrolysis by β-glucuronidase or β-lactamase. The compound has been shown to be an excellent ligand for binding to protein A or protein G and can be used for immunoassays such as ELISA or Western blotting.

2-Nitrophenyl b-D-cellobioside heptaacetate is a chromogenic enzyme substrate used to assay for cellobiohydrolase activity. The substrate undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis, releasing 2-nitrophenol which can then be detected via absorbance at 400 nm. This type of substrate is also used for the analysis of cellulose and hemicelluloses in plant materials. The heptaacetate modification enhances solubility, making it ideal for use in organic solvents, and it also protects against unwanted hydrolysis by acid or alkali. The substrate can be used in a variety of applications, including enzyme assay development, screening for inhibitors or activators, and in the study of the mode of action and substrate specificity of cellulase enzymes.

Aldol® 467 N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide is a chromogenic and fluorogenic enzyme substrate used for detection of beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activity. The colorless enzyme substrate is cleaved in the presence of beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase yielding development of a yellow product. In addition, green fluorescence is generated when a suitable matrix or Aldol® 355 fluorescence enhancer is present. Aldol® 467 N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide amide can be used in enzymatic assays or in live bacterial cultures. Aldol® 467 N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide is suitable for use in liquid and solid media, under aerobic as well as anaerobic conditions.

Chemiluminescence substrate for C2-esterase (acetyl esterase)

Resorufin oleate is a fluorogenic lipase substrate.

Aldol® 515 palmitate is a high quality, non-toxic and water soluble chromogenic substrate for enzymes. It is used to detect the presence of lipase activity due to yielding a red color.

A non-metabolizable allolactose analogue, widely used in molecular biology for overexpression of recombinant proteins from inducible systems under the control of lac promoter. IPTG binds to the LacI repressor and causes its release from the lac operator, allowing gene expression to take place. Present in vectors of pGEX, pGEM-T, pET, pRSET, pMAL class and others.

N-a-Boc-N-epsilon-cbz-L-lysine 4-nitroanilide is a compound that has been shown to regulate the production of angiotensin. It also acts as an inhibitor for the production of fibronectin, which is key in the regulation of inflammation and wound healing. N-a-Boc-N-epsilon-cbz-L-lysine 4 nitroanilide has been shown to be a trifunctional molecule and can yield three different products: oxychlorides, hydrated and solvates. This molecule also regulates phosphorus levels. There are many functions that this molecule performs, including binding with amino acids and regulating their function, which is why it is so important to study this molecule more closely.

Beta-mannachrome is a chemical compound with the formula of CHN(CH)CO. It is a colorless solid that has been used for staining, as a ligand in coordination chemistry and as a biological substrate for chemiluminescence. Beta-mannachrome is used in diagnostics and as an enzyme substrate in various biochemical reactions. Beta-Mannachrome is an organic compound that can be synthesized from benzaldehyde and mannitol. It is also found in nature, where it is produced by the fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides. Beta-Mannachrome reacts with hydrogen peroxide to produce light through chemiluminescence. The light produced by this reaction can be measured using a luminometer or other optical instruments to determine the concentration of beta-Mannachrome present. The CAS number of beta-Mannachrome is 619-96-8 and its molecular weight is 134.17

The AquaSpark® 515 Singlet Oxygen Probe (SOCL) is a highly selective and sensitive chemiluminescence probe for the detection of singlet oxygen (1O2). The SOCL probe reacts specifically with 1O2 to form an intermediate dioxetane that spontaneously decomposes to emit green light with extraordinary intensity

6-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)umbelliferyl b-D-cellotetraoside is a fluorescent substrate that is used to measure the activity of the enzyme beta-glucuronidase. It is a chemiluminescent compound that emits light when hydrolyzed by an enzyme. 6-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)umbelliferyl b-D-cellotetraoside has been shown to be a high quality and environmentally friendly product, as it does not cause any significant change in pH or turbidity in water samples. It has also been shown to be nontoxic and nonmutagenic at concentrations up to 400 ppm. This product can be used for a variety of purposes, including diagnostic tests for bacterial infections or food testing.

Chlorophenol red-b-D-galactopyranoside sodium salt is the salt from of CPRG (chlorophenol red-b-D-galactopyranoside), that has a higher solubility. It is a chromogenic substrate for beta-galactosidases that, after enzymatic cleavage, releases chlorophenol red, a dark red compound quantified by absorbance at 570 nm.