Enzyme Substrates

4-Methylumbelliferyl lignocerate is a fluorogenic substrate for lipase. After enzymatic cleaveage, free 4-methylumbelliferone (also known as hymecromone) is released, exhibiting blue fluorescence upon excitation with UV light. The strongest fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferone requires deprotonation of the hydroxyl group (thus requires alkaline pH), with a maximal fluorescence intensity obtained with excitation at 350 to 370 nm and emission at 440 to 470 nm. The use of 4-methylumbelliferyl lignocerateas a substrate for measuring the lipase activity is used for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy diagnosis and peroxisomal disorder screening.

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4-Nitrophenyl 2-O-(2,3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-a-D-mannopyranosyl)-4,6-O-benzylidene-a-D-mannopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate that is used for the detection of alpha amylase activity in food testing. It is also used as a chromogenic substrate for the detection of beta amylase activity. 4NP2ODM is a conjugate that can be used for the detection of alpha or beta amylases in environmental testing. This compound has high purity and quality and CAS No. 90105037.

Fluorogenic substrate for α-L-Fucosidase yielding a blue fluorescent solution upon cleavage.

Chromogenic substrate for alpha-glucosidase

Phosphoric acid, mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester is an inhibitor that binds to the human serum albumin (HSA), thereby preventing it from binding to the transcriptional regulatory protein. This leads to a decrease in the activity of this protein and consequently less inhibition of gene expression. The structural analysis of this inhibitor has shown that it forms hydrogen bonding interactions with basic proteins, while its reactivity is mainly dependent on Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The inhibitor also inhibits enzyme activities by binding to their active sites, reducing the enzyme's ability to catalyze reactions.

Aldol 470 phosphate is a chromogenic substrate for phosphatases yielding a yellow precipitate. Furthermore it shows some fluorescence (excitationat 320 nm to 490 nm). In contrast to classical indoxyl substrates, Aldolsubstrates work not only under aerobic but also under anaerobic conditions.

Fluorochrome for calibration of fluorimeters.  Used with corresponding fluorogenic substrates for the diagnosis of Krabbe - and Niemann-Pick A/B disease.

Espresso-Gal (Espresso-beta-D-galactopyranoside) is a chromogenic indicator for beta-galactosidase activity. The colorless product is cleaved by lactose-utilizing bacteria in liquid media or on agar plates and yields an espresso brown colored precipitate. Espresso-Gal can also be used as detecting agent for beta-galactosidase activity in reporter gene assays or for identification of positive transformants on agar plates when using the α-complementation approach. Read more in the Application Notes.

Applications N-Acetyllactosamine derivatives were tested as acceptors for α1,3-L-Fucosyltransferase present in human ovarian cancer sera and ovarian tumor. References Lasky, L., et al.: Science, 258, 964 (1992), Hemmerich, S., et al.: Biochemistry, 33, 4830 (1994), Clarke, J., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 271, 10317 (1996), Komba, S., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 4, 1833 (1996), Yoshino, K., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 40, 455 (1997),

4-Methylumbelliferyl β-D-glucuronide (MUG) is commonly used as a substrate for detecting β-glucuronidase. MUG is used for identifying E. coli contamination in food, drinkingwater, clinical samples and for rapid bacterial identification in blood cultures. It is recommended in international normatives (ISO, DIN) as a fluorogenic substrate for detection of E. coli. MUG is also a tool assaying the glucuronidase gene in plants.For fluorogenic detection of  E. coli you can try our patented RUG (ER175455).

8-Hydroxyquinoline-beta-D-glucuronic acid, sodium salt is a fluorogenic substrate that can be used for enzymatic detection of peroxidase. The substrate is available in a variety of forms, including powder and liquid. This product has been tested for environmental and bioluminescence activity, as well as food safety. It has also been shown to be a useful ligand in immunoassays.

3-Indoxyl phosphate, p-toluidine salt is a fluorogenic substrate that can be used for the detection of β-galactosidase. 3-Indoxyl phosphate, p-toluidine salt is a highly active chromogenic substrate that can be used as a diagnostic tool in the food industry to determine whether or not milk has been adulterated with animal milk. This product is also used in environmental testing to detect bacteria and fungi. 3-Indoxyl phosphate, p-toluidine salt is a high purity, high quality conjugate that can be used for the detection of β-galactosidase.

4-Nitrophenyl-beta-L-fucopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate used in the determination of alpha-glucosidase activity. The formation of phenol from 4-nitrophenyl leads to the production of a yellow color that can be quantified by measuring its absorbance at 490 nm. This assay is based on the principle that alpha-glucosidase hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose, which are then oxidized to form 4-nitrophenol and 4-nitroanomeric acid, respectively. The reaction product is detected by measuring the absorption at 490 nm.

Chromogenic substrate for neuraminidase yielding a blue precipitate upon cleavage.

4-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside-6-sulfate potassium is a chromogenic substrate for N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase. Upon hydrolysis, para-nitrophenol is released yielding a yellowish colour. 4-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside-6-sulfate potassium is used in different applications such as the Mucopolysaccharidosis IIID (Sanfilippo D) screening

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Chemiluminescent substrate for C8-esterase and lipase

Chromogenic substrate for beta-glucuronidase

4-Nitrophenyl 2,3-di-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-4,6-benzylidene-b-D-glucopyranoside is a high purity, high quality 4nitrophenol derivative that is used as a food testing substrate. It is also used for the detection of fluorescence in environmental testing. This product can be conjugated with ligands for use in diagnostic assays.

2-Naphthyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate used for staining and diagnostic purposes. It is a ligand that has been shown to bind to certain enzymes and can be used for the detection of those enzymes. This product is also a chemiluminescence substrate, which can be used in bioluminescent reactions. This product has been shown to have high purity and quality, as well as being a conjugate.

4-Methylumbelliferyl-beta-L-fucopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate that is used in food testing. It also has uses as a chromogenic substrate and a ligand for biological studies. 4-Methylumbelliferyl-beta-L-fucopyranoside is a conjugate of 4-methylumbelliferone and beta-D-fucopyranosyl ester, which is an enzyme substrate for the detection of phosphatases. This product can be used to detect the activity of phosphatase enzymes in various media, including culture media, environmental testing, and staining. 4MUFBPY also has chemiluminescent properties that can be used for bioluminescence assays.

PAIRED PRODUCT AVAILABLE: alpha-L-iduronidase Enzyme, FI179383 4MU-alpha-L-iduronide-2-sulphate is a fluorogenic substrate for iduronate-2-sulphatase (IDS), used in a 2-step assay coupled with alpha-L-iduronidase. The assay is used in biochemical testing for Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis II / MPS II). In a first step, iduronidate-2-sulphatase from biological samples cleaves the sulphate group from 4MU-alpha-L-iduronide-2-sulphate. In a second step, exogeneous alpha-L-iduronidase which cleaves the 4-MU moiety is added to the reaction, resulting in release of a fluorescent signal (Ex 360 nm / Em 455 nm). The reaction is stopped by the addition of sodium carbonate.

Applications A labelled substituted hippurate analog as substrate and inhibitor of peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM). References Erion, M., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 37, 4430 (1994), Feng, J., et al.: Biochem. J., 350, 521 (2000), Zhang, L., et al.: Cancer Res., 66, 5696 (2006),

5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl 5-O-feruloyl a-L-arabinofuranoside is a chemiluminescent ligand that is used in the detection of DNA, RNA, and proteins. It has been shown to be an efficient fluorescence substrate for DNA and RNA polymerases. 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl 5-O-feruloyl a-L-arabinofuranoside is suitable for use in diagnostic tests for bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, and toxins. This compound has been extensively tested for toxicity and carcinogenicity.

Applications 2’-Deoxycytidine-5-carboxylic Acid Sodium Salt, is derivative of 5-Hydroxy-2’-deoxycytidine (H946650), which have been used as a substrate for uracil DNA N-glycosylase and has been used to study the oxidation of DNA due to exposure to reactive oxygen species. References Ganguly, M., et al.: Biochem., 51, 2018 (2012); Foresta, M., et al.: Free. Rad. Biol. Med., 48, 681 (2010); Daviet, S., et al.: DNA Repair., 6, 8 (2007);

Aldol® 484 beta-D-galactopyranoside is a chromogenic enzyme substrate for beta-galactosidase activity. The colorless product is cleaved by lactose-utilizing bacteria in liquid or solid media, yielding intense red color. Aldol® 484 beta-D-galacto-pyranoside can also be used in beta-gal reporter gene assays or for identification of beta-gal positive transformants on agar. Aldol® 484 beta-D-galactopyranoside can be used under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

4-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-6-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranoside is a chromogenic pNP glycoside substrate designed for the detection and assay of specific enzymes, particularly glycosidases. Upon enzymatic hydrolysis, this substrate releases a quantifiable 4-nitrophenol moiety enabling straightforward colorimetric measurement. This pNP-linked substrate is versatile and can be efficiently employed in enzyme activity assays, screening enzyme inhibitors, and assessing enzyme mechanisms, enhancing research and development processes in the field of glycobiology.

Sensitive fluorogenic substrate for leucine aminopeptidase or a broad specificity aminopeptidase like aminopeptidase M that releases a bright blue fluorescent dye, 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin upon enzyme activity (excitation 380nm emission 440nm).

Aldol® 518 alpha-D-galactopyranoside is a chromogenic and fluorogenic enzyme substrate used for detection of alpha-galactosidase activity. The enzyme substrate is cleaved by alpha-galactosidase positive bacteria and yeasts in liquid or solid media, yielding red color and red fluorescence signal. Aldol® 518 alpha-D-galactopyranoside can also be used to detect alpha-galactosidase (encoded by the Mel1 gene) in yeast gene reporter assays or for identification of alpha-gal positive transformants on agar plates. Aldol® 518 alpha-D-galactopyranoside can be used under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

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Octyl 4-nitrophenyl hexyl phosphonate is a lipase suicide inhibitor that is a chromogenic substrate for lipases which upon enzymatic action, binds irreversibly to the lipase and inactivates it. The substrate can be used for the determination of active sites in lipases, especially in lipases preferring hydrophobic leaving groups.

Aldol® 515 propionate is a chromogenic substrate for many enzymes, including beta-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, and acid phosphatase. It can be used as a substrate in the detection of staining and enzyme activity in diagnostic testing. Aldol® 515 propionate has been shown to be an effective ligand for the protein Glu-C.

Chromogenic substrate for alpha-arabinofuranosidase

Resorufin beta-D-cellobioside is a fluorogenic substrate for the enzyme beta-glucosidase. It is soluble in water and can be used as a chromogenic substrate for beta-galactosidase. Resorufin beta-D-cellobioside is also used as a ligand to study protein interactions, such as those between lectins and glycoproteins. This product is of high purity and quality, with CAS No. 1000404-48-7.