Chromogenic Substrates

Bronze-Gal (Bronze-beta-D-galactopyranoside) is a chromogenic indicator for beta-galactosidase activity. The colorless product is cleaved by lactose-utilizing bacteria in liquid media or on agar plates and yields a bronze colored precipitate. Bronze-Gal can also be used as detecting agent for beta-galactosidase activity in reporter gene assays or for identification of positive transformants on agar plates when using the α-complementation approach. Read more in the Application Notes.

Neu5Ac(a2-6)Gal(b1-3)GlcNAc-b-pNP is a fluorogenic substrate that can be used for testing the presence of glycoproteins in food samples. It also has been used to detect the presence of enzymes in culture media. Neu5Ac(a2-6)Gal(b1-3)GlcNAc-b-pNP is a high purity product that has a CAS number and is available as a conjugate. This product can be purchased in bulk quantities, with a purity of >90%.

5-Bromo-4-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl-b-D-cellotetraoside is a chromogenic substrate used to detect the specific enzymatic activity of cellulase. After cleavage, 5-bromo-4-chloro-indoxyl is released, resulting in a blue to blue-green color change in bacterial colonies or media. 5-Bromo-4-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl-b-D-cellotetraoside is used in bacterial cellulase detection and biomass conversion research.

2-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-galactopyranoside is a carboxymethyl derivative of the natural substrate of β-galactosidase, which is used as a substrate for the production of recombinant proteins in the corynebacterium glutamicum. The enzyme β-galactosidase hydrolyzes this substrate to produce an acid molecule and a sugar molecule. This product can be used in biotechnological processes for the production of recombinant proteins or other bioactive molecules. It can also be used in the isolation of nucleic acid from bacteria or fungi, or to study bacterial membrane transport systems. 2NPGAG can be expressed as a recombinant protein with expression vectors such as pET21a and pET24a. It has been shown that this product inhibits transport through membranes by binding to cellulose, which may be useful for studies on cellulose biosynthesis

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Chromogenic substrate for beta-glucosidase

1-Naphthyl β-D-mannopyranoside is a chromogenic (also fluorogenic) substrate. After cleavage, 1-naphthol is released and is used to quantify beta-mannosidase activity.

Chromogenic substrate to visualize beta-glucuronidase activity; produces a red color

6-Bromo-2-naphthyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate used to detect alpha-glucosidase enzyme activity. When cleaved by the enzyme alpha-glucosidase, it releases 6-bromo-2-naphthol, which can be coupled with diazonium salts (for example 4'-amino-2,3'-dimethylazobenzene, also known as Fast Garnet GBC) to form a colored precipitate. 6-Bromo-2-naphthyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside is used in biochemical assays, histochemistry, and diagnostic tests for conditions like lysosomal storage disorders (e.g. Pompe disease) and carbohydrate metabolism studies.

2,4-Dinitrophenyl)-L-lysine hydrochloride monohydrate is a lysine derivative that has been modified with a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group. It could be used as an enzyme substrate to monitor enzymes that recognize and modify lysine residues, such as lysine methyltransferases and demethylases, lysine acylases and lysine oxidases.

1-Naphthyl a-D-glucopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate used to detect the presence of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds, such as alpha-glucosidase. When the substrate is cleaved by the enzyme, it produces a colored product that can be visualized and quantified.

4-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside tetraacetate is a drug that has been shown to have antidiabetic effects in diabetic patients. It has been shown to inhibit tyrosinase activity and increase the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in brain cells. This compound also has a protective effect against glutamate toxicity, and is being studied as a potential treatment for epilepsy. 4-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside tetraacetate inhibits the production of tyrosinase, which is an enzyme responsible for the conversion of tyrosine to melanin. This process can be inhibited by inhibiting tyrosinase activity with 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside tetraacetate.

4-Nitrophenyl b-D-cellopentaoside hexadecaacetate is a fluorogenic substrate that is used to study the activity of various enzymes. It reacts with hydrolytic enzymes in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to produce light, and it can be used for food testing, environmental testing, and diagnostics. 4-Nitrophenyl b-D-cellopentaoside hexadecaacetate is a conjugate of 4-nitrophenol and cellobiose pentaacetate that has a high purity and high quality. The CAS number for this compound is 129411-66-1.

4-Nitrophenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside is a versatile chromogenic substrate designed for the detection and quantification of various glycosidase enzymes. This substrate is widely used in enzyme assays, producing a yellow color upon cleavage by target enzymes. The 4-Nitrophenol released in this reaction can be easily monitored spectrophotometrically, allowing for rapid and accurate enzyme analysis. This high-quality substrate provides a convenient and reliable tool for researchers in biochemistry, enzymology, and related fields.

An indoxyl substrates targeting the enzyme beta-D-glucuronidase; blue color

4-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-6-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-O-(b-D-galactopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranoside is a specific chromogenic substrate designed for the highly sensitive and accurate detection of glycosidase enzyme activity. Glycosidases are responsible for the cleavage of glycosidic bonds between saccharide units in various carbohydrates. The hydrolysis of this substrate by glycosidase enzymes produces 4-nitrophenol, a yellow-colored compound that can be easily monitored through spectrophotometric measurements due to its strong absorbance at 405 nm. This chromogenic substrate is widely used in the analysis of glycosidase activity in various biological samples, including bacterial, fungal, and plant tissues, as well as in environmental samples and biotechnological applications.

Aldol® 455 beta-D-glucopyranoside is a chromogenic and fluorogenic enzyme substrate used for detection of beta-glucosidase activity. The colorless enzyme substrate is cleaved by beta-glucosidase producing bacteria grown in liquid or solid media, yielding a yellow color and green to orange fluorescence. Aldol® 455 beta-D-glucopyranoside can be used under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate for beta-D-galactosidase, yielding a magenta precipitate and contained in a chromogenic culture media. It is an indolyl carbohydrate that is the alpha-D-mannoside of indoxyl, in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively.

4-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-(b-D-galactopyranosyl)-b-D-glucopyranoside is an efficient chromogenic pNP enzyme substrate ideal for monitoring enzyme activity and understanding carbohydrate metabolism. This galacto-glucoside compound is designed specifically for use with glycosidases such as hexosaminidases and delivers unparalleled performance in your enzymatic assays.

Chromogenic substrate targeting beta- galactosidase and whose color is dependent on the metal chelating.Alizarin-2-beta-D-galactopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate for enzymes based on alizarin and has been reported for the detection of bacterial beta-galactosidase by researchers at the University of Northumbria and the Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK (James, 2000).

Naphthol AS-OL is a widely used chromogenic enzyme substrate that forms a colored product upon reaction with specific enzymes. It is commonly employed in histochemical and cytochemical staining techniques to visualize enzyme activity in cells and tissues. Naphthol AS-OL is particularly useful for detecting the presence of enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and esterases. The resulting colored product can be easily observed under a microscope, allowing researchers to study the distribution and localization of these enzymes in various biological samples.

6-Chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate for beta-galactosidase that yields a salmon or rose-coloured precipitate and hence is also known as Salmon-Gal. It can be used in conjunction with isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) as an alternative to the chromogenic substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal) for detection of beta-galactosidase activity in bacterial colonies in colorimetric assays. Where beta-galactosidase expressed from a reporter gene in molecular biology experiments, recombinant colonies on growth plates are salmon-coloured while non-recombinants appear as white. Use of nitroblue tetrazolium salt (NBT) with Salmon-Gal may provide faster results, yielding a clear, purple precipitate, than for Salmon-Gal alone. In conjunction with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-glucoside (X-Glc), Salmon-Gal is useful for simultaneous detection of GUS and Lac activities in the same medium.

2-Nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside-6-phosphate cyclohexylammonium salt is a chromogenic substrate used to detect the enzymatic activity of beta-galactosidase-6-phosphatase. After cleavage, the nitrophenyl moiety is released exhibiting a light yellowish color. 2-Nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside-6-phosphate cyclohexylammonium salt is used in diagnostic assays such as lysosomal storage disorder.

Chromogenic substrate for neuraminidase yielding a blue precipitate upon cleavage.

Substrate for beta-galactosidase

4-Nitrophenyl decanoate is a chromogenic substrate for lipase. Upon hydrolysis, para-nitrophenol is released yielding a yellowish colour. 4-Nitrophenyl decanoate is used in different applications such as the Pancreatic insufficiency diagnosis, lipid metabolism studies

5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid, sodium salt anhydrous is a potent inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase (HDC). It is used in the histochemical staining of dehydrogenase and effector proteins in urine samples. This compound has been shown to inhibit the growth of macroalgae and can be used as a selective agent for phylogenetic tree construction. 5BDG,Sr with its high specificity for HDC, also inhibits cell proliferation in plant cells and ovules.

Aldol® 455 beta-D-glucopyranoside is a chromogenic and fluorogenic enzyme substrate used for detection of beta-glucosidase activity. The colorless enzyme substrate is cleaved by beta-glucosidase producing bacteria grown in liquid or solid media, yielding a yellow color and green to orange fluorescence. Aldol® 455 beta-D-glucopyranoside can be used under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

5-Iodo-3-indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate for beta-galactosidase.

Chromogenic beta-Glucosidase substrate yielding a yellow solution upon cleavage.

A substrate for visualising alkaline phosphatase activity. It produces a purple insoluble end product that is detected visually, when used together with Nitroblue tetrazolium. The substrate system is versatile and has functions in a variety of applications, including Northern, Southern, and Western blotting, in situ hybridization, ELISAs, microarray and immunohistochemistry. DMF soluble.

Aldol® 470 L-alanine amide is a chromogenic and fluorogenic enzyme substrate used for detection of L-alanine aminopeptidase activity. The colorless enzyme substrate is cleaved by L-alanine aminopeptidase, yielding orange-yellow coloration. In addition, green fluorescence is generated when Aldol® 355 fluorescence enhancer or a suitable matrix is present. Aldol® 470 L-alanine amide can also be used in enzymatic assays or within live bacterial cultures. Aldol® 470 L-alanine amide is suitable for use in liquid and solid media, under aerobic as well as anaerobic conditions.

2-Chloro-4-nitrophenyl b-D-xylobioside is a chemiluminescent substrate that is used as a diagnostic agent. It has been used in the identification of gram positive and gram negative bacteria, which are differentiated by the color of the reaction. This substrate has also been used to detect the presence of certain enzymes produced by bacteria. 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenyl b-D-xylobioside has shown to be an effective enzyme substrate for detecting bacterial growth in culture media and is often used as a fluorogenic substrate in food testing.

5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl acetate (5BCIA) is an enzyme substrate that has been shown to inhibit the activity of a number of enzymes, such as proteases and phosphatases. It has also been shown to inhibit the growth of a number of human pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 5BCIA inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the active site of the enzyme phosphatase and preventing it from hydrolyzing a phosphate group from ATP. This process is necessary for energy metabolism in all living cells. 5BCIA has been shown to be effective against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

2-(N-Hexadecanoylamino)-4-nitrophenylphosphocholine hydroxide, often abbreviated as HDA-PC, is a chromogenic substrate for acid sphingomyelinase enzyme. HDA-PC is used as a key substrate for measuring the activity of this enzyme, responsible for catalyzing the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide. The activity assay for this measuring this enzyme's acitivy is to detect a deficiency (or lack) of the enzyme which is directly related to the Niemann-Pick disease.

5-Bromo-4-chloro-1-methyl-3-indolyl-α-D-glucopyranoside is a fluorescent substrate used for the detection of α-glucuronidase.

Aldol® 515 caprylate hydrochloride is used as a bioluminescent substrate for enzyme activity measurements and as a fluorogenic substrate for detecting C8/C9-esterases, lipase activity yielding a red color.

5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate that can be used to measure the activity of bacterial esterases. The enzyme cleaves the xylose moiety from 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl, yielding indoxyl as an intermediate product. This reaction can be catalyzed by esterases found in bacteria, which hydrolyze esters containing a single hydroxyl group at one end and a carboxylic acid or alcohol at the other end. Indoxyl is fluorescent and can be detected using a fluorimeter. 5BX is also chromogenic, so it can be used as an enzyme substrate for detecting beta galactosidase activity in bacteria such as Mycobacterium smegmatis or Escherichia coli. 5BX is also used to detect chemilumines

4-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl-beta-D-triacetylglucuronic acid methyl ester is an enzyme substrate that can be used for bioluminescence, staining, and colorimetric assays. It has been shown to be a good ligand for enzyme substrates such as alkaline phosphatase, glucose oxidase, β-galactosidase, and horseradish peroxidase. This product is a high quality reagent that is suitable for use in diagnostics.

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Aldol® 515 propionate is a chromogenic substrate that is used as a reagent in food testing, diagnostics, and environmental testing. It reacts with an enzyme to form a fluorescent product that can be detected with a spectrophotometer. The substrate has been shown to have high purity and high quality.

Chromogenic substrate for cellobiohydrolase and endoglucanase.

3-Indoxyl phosphate p-toluidine salt is a secretor of blood group A. It is used in the detection of the presence of alkaline phosphatase in serum and other body fluids. This compound has been shown to be an isoform of 3-indoxyl phosphate with a molecular mass of about 4,000 daltons. It is also used as a substrate for gel electrophoresis and filtration experiments. The purified form of this compound has been shown to have an alkaline phosphatase activity that is ˜4 times greater than that found in human serum and intestinal extracts.

4-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-3-O-(2-O-a-L-fucopyranosyl-b-D-galactopyranosyl)-2,6,8,10,12-pentaoxoheptaacetic acid is a chemiluminescent substrate that is used for the detection of peroxidase and other enzymes. The reaction product is a yellow fluorescent product which can be measured using a fluorometer. It is sold as an aqueous solution at 1mg/mL in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4.

2-Nitrophenyl b-D-xylobioside is a chromogenic substrate for the enzyme xylanase.

Naphthol AS-D is a diagnostic chemical for phosphatase enzymes and is used to stain cells, tissues, and body fluids for diagnosis. The chemical reacts with the amino groups of proteins in cells and produces a brown color. Naphthol AS-D is not toxic to living cells in concentrations below 5%. It stains basophilic leukemia cells as well as brain cells. This chemical can be used to diagnose cutaneous lesions, such as psoriasis or melanoma, which are difficult to diagnose by standard methods.  present in these lesions and produce a brown color.

Aldol® 515 palmitate is a chromogenic substrate that is used in food testing, diagnostics, and other applications. It has a high purity and is conjugated to various ligands for specific applications. Aldol® 515 palmitate is an excellent chemiluminescent substrate for the detection of ATP and other nucleotides. It also has high bioluminescence activity for the detection of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) or luciferin as well as enzyme substrates to measure β-galactosidase or β-glucuronidase activity.

5-Bromo-3-indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside-6-sulfate sodium salt is an enzyme substrate that has been used in diagnostic tests for detecting the presence of alpha galactosidase. 5-Bromo-3-indoxylbDgalactopyranoside 6 sulfate sodium salt is a ligand that has been shown to bind to the receptor on macrophages and neutrophils, which are cells that protect the body from infection. 5Bromo3indoxylbDgalactopyranoside 6 sulfate sodium salt can be used as a chromogenic substrate or fluorogenic substrate for chemiluminescence reactions. It can also be used in culture media for bacterial growth and for food testing.

Aldol® 518 acetate is a fluorogenic substrate for the enzyme aldolase. It is used in diagnostic kits for detecting aldolase in blood and other body fluids, and as an indicator of liver function. Aldol® 518 acetate can be used to detect the presence of aldolase in foods and beverages. The compound has also been shown to be an excellent substrate for bioluminescence and chemiluminescence reactions, which are widely used in research laboratories.

Aldol® 514 inositol-phosphate is a chromogenic enzyme substrate used for detection of phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC, EC 4.6.1.13). The colorless enzyme substrate is cleaved by PI-PLC positive microorganisms, yielding a red-orange color. The substrate thus enables the detection and identification of various bacteria, such as, pathogenic strains of Listeria, Clostridium, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus. Aldol® 514 inositol-phosphate is suitable for use under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.