Antimicrobianos

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Econazole is an imidazole antifungal agent with action on fungal cell membrane disruption and is used for treating fungal skin infections like athlete's foot and ringworm.

(E)-10,11-Didehydro-11-deoxy-6-O-methylerythromycin is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from erythromycin, a natural product obtained from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. This compound functions as an inhibitor of protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria, thus preventing the growth and proliferation of susceptible bacterial strains. The alteration in its chemical structure, notably the methylation at the 6-O position, enhances its stability and improves its pharmacokinetic profile compared to the parent compound, erythromycin. The primary use of (E)-10,11-Didehydro-11-deoxy-6-O-methylerythromycin is in the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections and some Gram-negative bacterial infections, providing an effective therapeutic option for conditions such as respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and certain sexually transmitted infections. Its role in clinical settings is significant due to its broad-spectrum activity and its ability to be used as an alternative for patients who are allergic to penicillin-based antibiotics.

Amphotericin B is a macrocycle antibiotic first isolated from Streptomyces nodosus. Its antifungal activity is exerted by interacting with the fungal membrane, mainly ergosterol, and inducing pore formation. The increase in membrane permeability causes loss of ions and cell death. The C-2’ hydroxyl residue of the mycosamine carbohydrate moiety in the structure seems to have a major role in binding to ergosterol. It is used in cell culture to prevent growth of microbial contaminants, such as yeast and fungi. It is recommended by the WHO and CDC as an antifungal component for VTM at a concentration of 250ug/ml.

Nucleoside analog with antiviral activity against zoonotic feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus from Coronaviridae family. The compound is a pro-drug and undergoes intracellular phosphorylation resulting in the active triphosphate metabolite. The triphosphorylated GS 441524 analog competes with natural nucleoside triphosphates and interferes with viral RNA synthesis. In previous studies it was tested in vitro as well as in experimental animals and showed good safety profile.

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Triclabendazole is a benzimidazole anthelmintic with action on liver flukes by disrupting their microtubule formation and is used for treating fascioliasis in humans and animals.

β-lactam antibiotic of penicillin subclass, which inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by targeting the proteoglycan synthesis. Cloxacillin has a narrow spectrum of action and is effective against Gram-positive organisms. Cloxacillin is resistant to the action of β-lactamase and therefore preferentially used for treatment of Staphylococcal infections.

Broad spectrum, long-acting and lipid soluble tetracycline antibody

26-Oxofusidic acid is a derivative of fusidic acid, which is a potent antibacterial compound originally isolated from the fungus Fusidium coccineum. This compound exhibits a unique mode of action by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through interference with the elongation factor G (EF-G), a critical component in the translocation step of translation. By targeting this specific aspect of bacterial metabolism, 26-Oxofusidic acid effectively disrupts the growth of gram-positive bacteria, making it an invaluable tool in combating resistant bacterial strains. In terms of its applications, 26-Oxofusidic acid is primarily utilized in clinical settings to treat infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA). Its efficacy extends to other gram-positive pathogens, providing an alternative when common antibiotics fail due to resistance issues. The compound's distinctive mechanism also presents opportunities for its use in research settings, particularly in studies aimed at understanding bacterial resistance mechanisms and developing novel antibacterial strategies. Overall, 26-Oxofusidic acid stands as a critical asset in both therapeutic and experimental microbiology contexts.

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Nadifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase to inhibit DNA synthesis and is used for treating acne vulgaris and bacterial skin infections.

Zabofloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is derived from chemical synthesis with a distinct bactericidal mode of action. Its mechanism involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes critical for DNA replication, transcription, and repair. This dual targeting results in potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Zabofloxacin is primarily employed in the treatment of respiratory tract infections, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations and community-acquired pneumonia. Its efficacy extends to cases where traditional antibiotics may fail, particularly due to its enhanced activity against resistant strains such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. The compound's unique structural modifications confer improved pharmacokinetic properties compared to earlier fluoroquinolones, facilitating better tissue penetration and prolonged therapeutic concentrations. Current research continues to explore its full clinical potential and its role in combatting multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens.

TCA1 is a synthetic small molecule, which is specifically derived from complex organic synthesis processes, designed to target bacterial metabolic pathways. It operates primarily by inhibiting essential enzymatic functions, thereby disrupting normal metabolic activity within bacterial cells. This inhibitory action results in weakened or halted protein synthesis, directly affecting bacterial growth and proliferation. The primary applications of TCA1 lie in its potential use as an antimicrobial agent, specifically targeting pathogens resistant to conventional antibiotics. Its precise mode of action against pivotal bacterial enzymes renders it a promising candidate in overcoming issues related to antimicrobial resistance. Studies have demonstrated TCA1’s efficacy in vitro, indicating its potential to impede bacterial colonization and reduce infection rates in clinical scenarios. Additionally, TCA1 may serve as a valuable tool in research settings, where its ability to deconstruct specific bacterial pathways can aid in the comprehensive understanding of microbial biochemistry. As ongoing studies continue to elucidate its full spectrum of potential, TCA1 remains a focal point in the field of infectious disease research.

Beta-cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, which is a chemically altered derivative of natural pyrethrins found in chrysanthemum flowers. These pyrethrins are modified to enhance their stability and potency. Beta-cypermethrin acts by targeting the nervous system of insects, specifically by modifying the function of voltage-gated sodium channels. This action leads to prolonged depolarization of the neuron, resulting in paralysis and eventual death of the insect. In scientific applications, Beta-cypermethrin is utilized predominantly for agricultural pest control, offering a broad spectrum of activity against various insect species. It is applied to crops to mitigate damage from pests, effectively protecting yield and quality. Due to its enhanced stability in sunlight compared to natural pyrethrins, it provides longer-lasting protection. Its use extends to residential pest control and public health measures against vector-borne diseases. However, its impact on non-target species and the environment is a subject of ongoing study, necessitating careful application and adherence to guidelines.

Sitafloxacin is an antibacterial agent belonging to the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics, which is synthetically derived from chemical processes involving fluorinated quinolones. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes crucial for bacterial DNA replication and transcription. By interfering with these enzymes, Sitafloxacin effectively hampers bacterial DNA synthesis, leading to the eventual demise of the bacterial cell. Sitafloxacin is primarily used for the treatment of a broad spectrum of bacterial infections, showing efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. It is often utilized in the management of urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and certain types of skin infections. Its broad-spectrum activity is particularly advantageous in tackling multi-drug resistant bacterial strains. This makes Sitafloxacin a valuable tool in the arsenal of antibiotics, especially in scenarios where resistance to other antibiotics is a concern. Researchers continue to study its pharmacokinetics and potential resistance mechanisms to maximize its therapeutic efficacy and minimize adverse effects.

Fluconazole hydrate is an antifungal medication, which is a synthetic triazole antifungal agent derived from the compound fluconazole. It functions as a powerful inhibitor of the enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase, a critical component in the biosynthesis of ergosterol. Ergosterol is an essential component of fungal cell membranes, and its inhibition disrupts membrane synthesis, leading to impaired fungal cell growth and replication. Fluconazole hydrate is widely utilized in the treatment of systemic and superficial fungal infections, including candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, and certain dermatophytic and yeast infections. Its pharmacokinetic properties allow for good tissue penetration and a broad spectrum of activity against various fungal pathogens. Its clinical applications extend to both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients, providing a versatile option for treating mycotic infections. As an antifungal agent, fluconazole hydrate remains a vital component in the management of fungal disease, contributing significantly to therapeutic strategies against resistant strains.

Afabicin is an antibiotic, which is a derivative of the natural product lipiarmycin. It acts by inhibiting the bacterial enzyme DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, crucial for bacterial growth and reproduction. This targeted action disrupts RNA synthesis, effectively halting the proliferation of susceptible bacterial strains. Afabicin is specifically designed to combat Gram-positive bacteria, with a particular emphasis on those resistant to traditional antibiotics, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Its unique mode of action makes it a promising candidate for addressing issues of antibiotic resistance. Clinical applications primarily involve the treatment of severe bacterial infections where resistance is a significant concern, offering a potential solution to the growing problem of multidrug-resistant pathogens. This positions Afabicin at the forefront of antibiotic development, aiming to provide effective treatments for difficult-to-treat bacterial infections.

N-[[(5S)-3-(4-Methylsulfinylphenyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-5-yl]methyl]acetamide is a synthetic compound, which is derived from the oxazolidinone class of molecules known for their antimicrobial properties. Its mechanism of action involves the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby preventing the formation of a functional 70S initiation complex. This effectively disrupts the growth and replication of susceptible bacterial strains. This compound is primarily utilized in the field of medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical research. Its antibacterial efficacy makes it a valuable candidate for the study of resistant Gram-positive infections, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Researchers are also investigating its potential applications in designing new drug formulations that target resistant pathogens. By exploring the intricate structure-activity relationships within this class, scientists aim to improve the therapeutic outcomes of existing treatment protocols against challenging infectious diseases.

Difloxacin is a bactericidal, broad-spectrum, fluroquinolone antibiotic which is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. By interfering with the bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase, which is necessary for the upkeep and synthesis of bacterial DNA, it causes an antibacterial impact. It is used for the treatment of many bacterial infections including skin infections. Difloxacin HCl is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.

AWZ1066S is a synthetic analog, which is a chemically engineered compound designed to mimic or influence biological molecules. This product is derived from sophisticated organic synthesis techniques that enable the precise modification of its molecular structure to enhance its specificity and efficacy. AWZ1066S operates through targeted binding to specific biomolecules or receptors, thereby modulating their function or facilitating their detection in complex biological systems. The product finds extensive applications in the field of biochemical research, particularly in studies involving signal transduction pathways, protein interactions, and molecular diagnostics. Its unique binding properties make it an invaluable tool for scientists aiming to dissect complex biochemical pathways or develop novel therapeutic strategies. Additionally, AWZ1066S can be used in high-throughput screening assays to identify potential drug candidates or to elucidate the mechanisms of action of other bioactive compounds. Researchers value this product for its reliability and versatility in both in-vitro and in-vivo studies.

Carbophenothion-methyl-sulfone is an antibiotic that belongs to the class of synthetic natural products. It inhibits the growth of microorganisms by binding to their ribosomes and preventing protein synthesis. Carbophenothion-methyl-sulfone has been shown to have antiviral, antiparasitic, and antifungal properties. This drug is active against microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Candida albicans. Carbophenothion-methyl-sulfone also has antibacterial activities against gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Sapecin is an antimicrobial peptide, which is derived from the hemolymph of the silk moth (Bombyx mori) with potent bactericidal action. The source of Sapecin is the immune system of the silk moth, where it acts as a natural defense mechanism against microbial infections. Its mode of action involves disrupting bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis and death. The peptide achieves this by inserting itself into the lipid bilayer, creating pores that compromise the structural integrity of the membrane. Sapecin is utilized in various applications related to microbial inhibition. In particular, it serves as a valuable component in research focused on developing novel antimicrobial agents, offering insights into how natural peptides can be harnessed to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Additionally, understanding Sapecin's mechanism provides a framework for designing synthetic peptides with enhanced stability and efficacy. Its ability to target specific bacterial strains without affecting host cells makes it an ideal candidate for therapeutic interventions, particularly in scenarios where conventional antibiotics are ineffective. Continued exploration of Sapecin's properties may lead to significant advancements in microbial control strategies.

Rifampicin is a drug that inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria and is used to treat tuberculosis. Rifampicin binds to the beta subunit of the bacterial RNA polymerase, inhibiting transcription and translation. It has been shown to inhibit the acetylcholine receptor function in rats, which may be related to its antituberculosis activity. Histopathological studies have shown that rifampicin inhibits the growth of human tumors in mice, including lung cancer, breast cancer, and leukemia. The drug is also being studied for its potential use in treating Alzheimer's disease. The pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of rifampicin have been studied and Rifampicin has been shown to be an effective anti-tuberculosis drug.

Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide that disrupts cell membrane potential and causes leakage from the cell. The antibacterial effects are limited to gram-positive bacteria since daptomycin can’t reach the outer membrane of gram-negative species. It is often used for infections cause by vancomycin-resistant enterococci and staphylococci.

Antibiotic of pyrrolidine class; protein synthesis inhibitor

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic which inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by targeting the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. This second-generation fluoroquinolone has a broad spectrum of action and is more effective against Gram-negative bacteria.

Propiconazole is a triazole fungicide with action on fungal cell membranes by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis and is used for controlling fungal diseases in crops and turf.

Phenamacril is a synthetic fungicide, which is derived from chemical synthesis processes with a unique mode of action that targets fungal signaling pathways. It operates by inhibiting the myosin-5 ATPase activities within filamentous fungi, disrupting key cellular functions and effectively halting fungal growth. Phenamacril’s primary application is in agriculture, where it serves to control and manage fungal diseases affecting crops. The mechanism of inhibiting myosin-5 ATPase provides specificity, reducing the risk of developing resistance compared to traditional fungicides. This compound shows effectiveness against a range of pathogenic fungi, making it a versatile agent in crop protection. Additionally, the specificity of its action allows for targeted interventions, minimizing non-target effects and environmental impact. Due to its novel mode of action, ongoing research explores its further potential applications in integrated pest management systems and its role in enhancing sustainable agricultural practices.

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(Z)-Fenpyroximate is a selective acaricide, which is a chemical agent specifically designed to control mite populations. It is derived from the chemical class of pyrazole compounds. The mode of action of (Z)-Fenpyroximate involves the inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, particularly targeting complex I (NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase). This disruption prevents ATP production, leading to mite mortality due to energy starvation. In terms of applications, (Z)-Fenpyroximate is widely employed in agricultural settings, particularly in the management of mite infestations on crops such as fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. Its selective action minimizes impact on beneficial insects, making it a valuable tool in integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. The compound exhibits translaminar activity, allowing it to protect plant surfaces that are not directly sprayed. It is renowned for its efficacy against key pests like the spider mite species, helping to maintain crop health and yield by reducing mite populations effectively.

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Ethambutol is an antimicrobial compound, specifically an antitubercular agent, which is a synthetic derivative of ethylenediamine. It is classified as a bacteriostatic agent that primarily targets Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The mode of action of Ethambutol involves the inhibition of arabinosyl transferases, enzymes essential for the polymerization of arabinogalactan, a critical component of the mycobacterial cell wall. By disrupting cell wall biosynthesis, Ethambutol effectively hampers the growth and proliferation of the bacteria. The primary application of Ethambutol is in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB), often used in combination with other antitubercular drugs to prevent the emergence of drug resistance. This agent has proven efficacy in both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB infections. Its use is critical in multi-drug therapy regimens, optimizing treatment outcomes and reducing the prevalence of resistant TB strains. Ethambutol’s role in the antituberculosis pharmacopoeia extends its utility to atypical mycobacterial infections as well, marking it a significant tool in the clinical management of mycobacterial diseases.

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Alloaureothin is an antibacterial compound, which is a secondary metabolite derived from the bacterial genus *Streptomyces*. This compound functions through a distinct mode of action, primarily targeting bacterial cell components and inhibiting essential growth processes. Alloaureothin disrupts cell wall synthesis and cellular metabolism, leading to effective bacteriostatic or bactericidal outcomes depending on the concentration and specific bacterial species. The uses and applications of Alloaureothin are predominantly in the field of microbiology and pharmaceutical research, where it serves as a model compound for studying bacterial resistance and developing new antibiotics. Its unique structure and mode of action make it a valuable tool for elucidating bacterial pathways and mechanisms. Researchers utilize Alloaureothin in both in vitro and in vivo studies to explore its therapeutic potential and to better understand the intricacies of microbial inhibition. The ongoing examination of Alloaureothin contributes significantly to the broader effort to discover novel antimicrobial agents in the face of rising antibiotic resistance.

Cyclopentylalbendazole is an anthelmintic compound, which is a synthetic derivative of benzimidazole, originally sourced from chemical synthesis processes. Its mode of action involves the selective binding to beta-tubulin, disrupting the polymerization of microtubules within the parasites. This inhibition of microtubule formation is crucial for cellular processes such as nutrient uptake and intracellular transport, eventually leading to immobilization and subsequent death of the parasites. Cyclopentylalbendazole is primarily used in veterinary and research settings to study and control infections caused by nematodes and other helminths. As it targets the microtubular structure, this compound offers an effective approach to disrupt parasitic metabolic pathways while minimizing harm to the host organism. Its utilization spans applications in research laboratories focused on parasitology and drug discovery, facilitating the evaluation of resistance mechanisms and contributing to the development of novel antiparasitic strategies.

2-Sec-butyl-1-(decyloxy)-4-tritylbenzene is a synthetic organic compound, typically utilized in chemical research and development. It is sourced through a series of organic synthesis reactions, involving alkylation, etherification, and aromatic substitution, primarily in a controlled laboratory environment. The mode of action of 2-Sec-butyl-1-(decyloxy)-4-tritylbenzene relies on its structural complexity, allowing it to participate effectively in various chemical reactions. Its functional groups enable it to act as an intermediate in synthesizing advanced materials and other complex organic molecules, often playing a crucial role in polymer science and supramolecular chemistry. The applications of this compound are diverse, primarily centered in the domain of material science and advanced organic synthesis. It is instrumental in the development of novel polymers with specific properties and in the structure-activity relationship studies of aromatic compounds. Researchers exploit its stability and reactivity to design innovative materials that can be used in electronics, coatings, and engineered surfaces. Due to its specialized applications, 2-Sec-butyl-1-(decyloxy)-4-tritylbenzene is an essential tool for scientists delving into cutting-edge research in chemistry and material science.

Primaquine is an antimalarial agent with action on Plasmodium hypnozoites in the liver and is used for preventing relapses of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale.

Stability Hygroscopic Applications α,α'-Dilaurin is a possible antimicrobial agent against gram-posistive organisms. References Kabara, J., et al.; Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2, 23 (1972); Conley, A., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 4, 501 (1973)

Nitrocycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a synthetic derivative of tetracycline with enhanced antibacterial properties. As a chemically synthesized compound, nitrocycline has been engineered to overcome resistance mechanisms common in bacterial pathogens. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of protein synthesis, achieved by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, effectively preventing the addition of new amino acids to nascent peptide chains. This binding action interrupts bacterial growth and replication, providing robust activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Nitrocycline is primarily utilized in clinical settings to combat resistant bacterial infections that are unresponsive to traditional antibiotics. Its applications extend to severe infections such as those caused by multi-drug resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci. Additionally, it has been found effective in treating respiratory, urinary tract, and skin infections. The synthetic nature of nitrocycline allows for modifications to its structure, enabling the enhancement of its pharmacokinetic properties and spectrum of activity. This positions nitrocycline as a promising candidate in the ongoing effort to address the escalating challenge of antibiotic resistance globally.

(3R,4R)-A2-32-01 is an innovative insecticide, which is a synthetic product derived from intensive research in entomology and organic chemistry. It operates by targeting the neurological pathways of specific insect pests, leading to rapid cessation of feeding and, ultimately, death. This mode of action is highly selective, affecting only targeted pest species while minimizing impact on non-target organisms such as beneficial pollinators. The primary applications of (3R,4R)-A2-32-01 are in agriculture, where it is utilized to protect a wide range of crops from pest infestations. Its efficacy makes it a valuable tool in integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, where it can be used alongside other control methods to sustainably manage pest populations. The compound's unique mode of action helps in delaying resistance development, thereby extending the useful life of current pest management strategies. Its environmental profile also makes it a suitable choice for organic farming practices and allows for use in eco-sensitive areas.

Posaconazole is an antifungal agent that inhibits the 14-alpha demethylase enzyme which is responsible for the synthesis of the fungal cell wall component, ergosterol. This demethylase enzyme synthesizes ergosterol through converting lanosterol to ergosterol. Therefore Posaconazole prevents the formation of fungal cell walls with the appropriate membrane permeability thus leading to fungal cell lysis. Posaconazole can be used as an antifungal drug to treat opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised individuals such as HIV patients. Moreover it is shown to inflict its inhibitory activity against common pathogenic fungus such as Candida and Aspergillus species but also Mucorales and some Fusarium species, which are less common.

Herbicidin C is an antibiotic, which is derived from a microbial source, specifically from certain strains of actinobacteria. This compound functions as an inhibitor, interfering with specific metabolic pathways within target organisms. Its mode of action involves disrupting the synthesis of critical proteins, which are essential for cell survival and growth. The primary use of Herbicidin C is in agricultural settings, where it serves as a research tool for studying plant metabolic processes. By selectively inhibiting certain pathways, scientists can gain insights into the roles these pathways play in plant growth and development. Additionally, Herbicidin C is employed in the investigation of microbial interactions, particularly in exploring the mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance and synthesis. Its applications are primarily confined to controlled research environments due to its specialized mode of action and the importance of understanding its broader ecological impacts. Overall, Herbicidin C represents a valuable resource in the field of microbial and plant biology, contributing to advances in both basic research and applied agricultural sciences.

Amustaline dihydrochloride is a chemical compound known for its alkylating properties, which is synthetically derived through chemical synthesis methods. The mode of action of Amustaline dihydrochloride involves the formation of covalent bonds with nucleophilic entities in DNA, leading to cross-linking and subsequent disruption of DNA function. This results in the inhibition of cellular replication, ultimately inducing apoptosis or programmed cell death in rapidly dividing cells. The primary use of Amustaline dihydrochloride is in the context of targeted drug development, where its capability to interfere with cellular replication is leveraged in cancer research to evaluate its efficacy as a chemotherapeutic agent. Beyond oncology, Amustaline dihydrochloride serves as a critical research tool in molecular biology for studying DNA interactions and the cellular response to DNA damage. The compound's specificity and potency necessitate detailed mechanistic studies to explore its full therapeutic and biochemical potential. With its role in disrupting DNA synthesis, Amustaline dihydrochloride represents a promising avenue for developing new strategies against proliferative diseases.

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Heronapyrrole B is a naturally occurring marine-derived antibiotic, which is isolated from a species of marine-derived Streptomyces. This compound is a member of the pyrrole-2-aminoimidazole family, which is characterized by its unique structural framework that contributes to its biological activity. The mode of action of Heronapyrrole B involves disrupting bacterial cell membranes, thereby hindering cell growth and survival. This mechanism is particularly effective against a range of Gram-positive bacteria. Given its antimicrobial properties, Heronapyrrole B holds significant potential for development as a therapeutic agent, especially in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Research into its uses and applications suggests its capability not only in combating bacterial pathogens but also in showcasing synergistic effects when used in conjunction with other antibiotics. Further studies are focusing on its structure-activity relationship (SAR) to enhance its efficacy and stability, enabling broader pharmaceutical applications.

Tubulin ligand which promotes microtubule assembly and stabilises microtubule cytoskeleton against depolymerisation. The compound has anti-tumoral activity since its interference with cytoskeleton dynamics affects the assembly of mitotic spindle, segregation of chromosomes, cell division and blocks the cell cycle in G1 or M phase. The compound is also used for the purification of tubulin or microtubule-associated proteins.

STAADIUMTM PhosphoZide is a targeted inhibitor of phosphatase-producing bacteria, which is activated by phosphatase itself. STAADIUMTM PhosphoZide targets specifically methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its antibacterial activity is triggered by both the acid and alkaline phosphatases that the bacteria produce. STAADIUMTM PhosphoZide can be added as an enzyme-specific selective supplement to agar plates or as an enrichment agent to a broth culture. More details in the application notes document.

Labeled analogue of Chloramphenicol; interferes with protein synthesis

Retrocyclin-1 trifluoroacetate salt is a synthetic antimicrobial peptide, which is derived from humanized sequences based on the theta-defensin family, originally found in certain primates. Retrocyclin-1 is particularly notable for its circular structure which contributes to its stability and biological activity. The peptide is produced through a process of solid-phase peptide synthesis, designed to mimic the native cyclic conformation of natural theta-defensins. The mode of action of Retrocyclin-1 involves binding to microbial membranes and disrupting their integrity, leading to cell lysis. This mechanism enables it to target a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Its amphipathic nature allows it to insert into lipid bilayers and form pores, effectively neutralizing pathogenic threats. Retrocyclin-1 trifluoroacetate salt is of significant interest in research and clinical studies due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and potential applications in treating infections that are resistant to conventional antibiotics. Its unique structure and mode of action make it a promising candidate for developing new therapeutic agents, particularly in an era where antibiotic resistance poses a growing challenge.

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; glycylcycline class

Azlocillin sodium salt is a penicillin antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.

6,11-Di-O-methyl erythromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin, which is a macrolide antibiotic originally sourced from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. This compound is produced through chemical modification of the natural antibiotic to improve its pharmacokinetic properties, such as stability and absorption. The mode of action of 6,11-Di-O-methyl erythromycin is similar to other macrolides; it inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria. This binding action prevents the translocation step in protein elongation, effectively halting bacterial growth and proliferation, which makes it bacteriostatic. Due to its potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria and atypical pathogens, 6,11-Di-O-methyl erythromycin is primarily used in research settings to study its enhanced antibacterial properties compared to erythromycin. It can also serve as a lead compound for the development of new antibiotics with improved pharmacological profiles. The chemical modifications provide a valuable tool for scientists investigating the structure-activity relationships and resistance mechanisms in antibiotic research.

Cladosporin is a secondary metabolite and natural product, specifically a fungal cyclodepsipeptide, which is isolated from the fungus *Cladosporium cladosporioides*. It exhibits its mode of action by selectively inhibiting the lysyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme in the Plasmodium species, the causative agent of malaria. This inhibition disrupts the protein synthesis pathway crucial for the survival and proliferation of the parasite. Cladosporin’s mode of action makes it a potent antimalarial agent, showcasing significant efficacy against various Plasmodium strains. Beyond its antimalarial properties, its unique mechanism provides a template for developing treatments targeting specific protein synthesis pathways in diverse organisms, offering broader applications in antimicrobial research. The structural elucidation and synthesis also offer insights for designing analogs with enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity. Thus, Cladosporin represents a promising candidate for antimalarial drug development and serves as a valuable tool in biochemical studies related to parasitic infections.

Albomitomycin A is an antibiotic compound, which is derived from the fermentation of specific Streptomyces species. This compound exhibits a unique mode of action by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacterial cells, specifically targeting the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interference with ribosomal function ultimately disrupts the production of essential proteins, leading to bacterial cell death. Its applications extend beyond antibacterial activity, as Albomitomycin A has shown potential anticancer properties through its capability to inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells. This makes it a compound of interest in both microbiological studies and oncological research. Scientists are investigating its efficacy and mechanisms further to explore its potential in therapeutic settings. Overall, Albomitomycin A offers promising avenues for novel antibiotic development and cancer treatment strategies.

Antibiotic; inhibits bacterial mRNA translation; inhibits monoamine oxidase

2-Amino-5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidin-4-ol is a synthetic pyrimidine derivative, which is meticulously engineered through organic synthesis pathways. This compound emerges from a tailored chemical reaction involving the strategic manipulation of a pyrimidine core to incorporate specific functional groups. The unique structural configuration of this molecule allows it to interact with biological macromolecules, primarily through hydrogen bonding and pi-pi interactions, potentially influencing biochemical pathways. In the context of scientific research, 2-Amino-5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidin-4-ol serves as a valuable tool for probing molecular mechanisms in cellular systems. Its ability to mimic or disrupt endogenous molecular interactions makes it suitable for studying enzyme functions or gene expression modulation. This compound can be utilized in various in vitro assays to assess its effects on specific biological targets, offering insights into potential therapeutic applications or toxicological properties. Further exploration might also include structure-activity relationship studies to enhance understanding of its efficacy and safety profile in more complex biological settings.

Pristinamycin IA is a streptogramin antibiotic, which is a natural product derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces pristinaespiralis*. It operates by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through the disruption of ribosomal function, specifically targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit. This mode of action is effective in halting bacterial growth, making it particularly significant in combating resistant strains. Pristinamycin IA is used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including those strains resistant to other antibiotics like penicillin and methicillin. Its applications are crucial in clinical settings where antibiotic resistance poses a significant threat to treatment efficacy. The compound’s ability to synergistically enhance the action of other antibiotics also broadens its utility in multidrug regimens. Research into its pharmacokinetics and effectiveness continues to expand, ensuring its role in advancing antibacterial therapy.

Applications Shows some anti-viral activity due to the adamantane structure. In addition it shows anti-microbial activity and cytotoxic application. References Aigami, K. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 18, 713 (1975); Aigami, K. et al.: J. Pharm. Res., 4, 1407 (2011);