Fuente botánica

Icariin inhibits PDE5 and PDE4 activities with IC50s of 432 nM and 73.50 μM, respectively. Icariin also is a PPARα activator. Icariin has been reported to have anti-hypoxic, phytoestrogenic, anti-osteoporotic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-depressant-like activities. Icariin is effective in the attenuation of AHR and chronic airway inflammatory changes in OVA-induced murine asthma model, and this effect is associated with regulation of Th17/Treg responses. Icariin inhibited NF-κB signaling activation and the NLRP3-inflammasome/caspase-1/IL-1β axis.

Momordicoside K is a triterpenoid saponin, which is derived from the bitter melon plant, scientifically known as *Momordica charantia*. This compound predominantly occurs in the fruit and leaves of the plant. As a phytochemical, Momordicoside K contributes to the plant’s defense mechanisms against pests and environmental stress. The mode of action of Momordicoside K involves modulating various biochemical pathways. It is known to exert potential anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects by influencing cellular pathways and enzyme activities associated with glucose metabolism and inflammation. These modulatory effects make it a compound of interest in the development of therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders. Momordicoside K is primarily studied for its uses in the management and treatment of diabetes, given its ability to improve glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory properties hold promise for treating inflammatory-related conditions. Research continues to explore its full potential, including any synergistic effects with other phytochemicals and its overall efficacy in clinical applications.

In vitro, procyanidin C1 (PC1) dose-dependently decreased Fc epsilon RI-mediated degranulation and cytokine production of mast cells, inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk and linker for activation of T cells, and the ROS generation in stimulated mast cells.PC1 suppresses Fc epsilon RI-mediated mast cell activation by inhibiting intracellular signaling pathways, These observations provide evidence for the anti-allergenic effects of the procyanidin-enriched apple extract.

Berberine hydrochloride (berberine), a natural plant alkaloid derived from Chinese herbal medicine, is characterized by diverse pharmacological effects, such as anticancer and lower elevated blood glucose, it can prevent adhesion by downregulating ICAM-1 and reduce inflammation by inhibiting the TAK1/JNK and TAK1/NF-κB signaling after abdominal surgery, which brings out a good therapeutic approach for the development of clinical application for postoperative abdominal adhesion and inflammation.

Matrine, an alkaloid purified from the chinese herb Sophora flavescens Ait, is well known to possess activities including anti-inflammation, anti-fibrotic and anticancer, it could inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells in vitro by up-regulating Fas/FasL expression and activating caspase-3 enzyme.

Qingyangshengenin is a a glycoside from the roots of Cynanchum otophyllum.

Aescin monosodium salt is a semisynthetic, anti-inflammatory product derived from escin, which is a mixture of saponins extracted from horse chestnut seeds (Aesculus hippocastanum). It functions primarily by enhancing the integrity of venous walls and decreasing vascular permeability. This is achieved through the stabilization of lysosomal membranes and the inhibition of enzymes that contribute to the breakdown of the vascular endothelium, as well as promoting the release of prostaglandins with vasoprotective properties. Aescin monosodium salt is utilized in scientific research and medicinal applications for its efficacy in treating conditions associated with impaired venous circulation and edema. It is often applied in studies focusing on chronic venous insufficiency, varicose veins, and in reducing postoperative or traumatic swelling. Its roles in modulating inflammatory responses and improving capillary resistance make it a valuable compound in exploring cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory therapeutics.

Forsythoside B inhibits inflammatory response, has antioxidant, antisepsis properties, and also has potent neuroprotective effects with a favorable therapeutic time-window, reduce of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury degree, attenuating blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Forsythoside B could inhibit TNF-alpha, IL-6, IκB and modulate NF-κB.

Camelliaside B is a bioactive compound, which is a glycosylated flavonoid derived from the leaves of *Camellia sinensis*, the tea plant. It functions through its antioxidant properties, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in biological systems. The molecular structure of Camelliaside B allows it to interact with cellular components, providing protective effects against reactive oxygen species. The compound is of significant interest in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical research due to its potential health benefits. Its applications span a range of uses, including the development of supplements for improving cardiovascular health, enhancing neuroprotection, and reducing inflammation. Additionally, it is explored for its ability to synergize with other natural compounds, enhancing the overall efficacy of complex formulations. Scientists are continuing to investigate its molecular interactions and potential therapeutic roles in various chronic conditions.

Ziziphin is a triterpene glycoside which exhibits taste-modifying properties and derives from the leaves of Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae). In a study, Ziziphin was up to 4 times more active in suppressing the sweet taste of sucrose than other anti-sweet constituents (Suttisri, 1995). Ziziphin suppressed the sweetness induced by D-glucose, D-fructose, stevioside, glycine, sodium saccharin, aspartame and naringin dihydrochalcone. Ziziphin however showed no uppressive effect on the sour taste of hydrochloric acid and the bitter taste of quinine, indicating that ziziphin is highly specific to the sweet taste (Kurihara, 1992). Ziziphin was found to inhibit the sweet taste receptors in humans (Smith, 1983) by a mechanism known as taste modification. In comparison with known gymnemic acids, effects suggest that net dissociation of ziziphins from taste receptor membranes and/or inactivation in the membrane may be much faster than with gymnemic acids (Mahajan, 2009).

Dehydrotrametenolic acid is a promising candidate for a new type of insulin-sensitizing drug; it can be a potential anticancer agent against H-ras transformed tumor.

Neoruscogenin represents a universal pharmacological tool for RORα research due to its specific selectivity profile versus other nuclear receptors.

Hydroxy-alpha-sanshool exerts antiobesity and hypolipidemic activities in HFD rats by reducing liver oxidative stress and thus could be considered as a potential candidate drug to cure or prevent obesity and hyperlipidemia. It also has analgesic properties, it activates TRPV1 and TRPA1 in sensory neurons.

Baicalin methyl ester shows inhibitory effects on the Avian Myeloblastosis Virus reverse transcriptase (AMV-RT).