Ginseng ingredients

Ginsenoside F2 has the anti-cancer activity, it induces apoptosis in breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) by activating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and mitochondrial dysfunction, also induces the formation of acidic vesicular organelles, recruitment of GFP-LC3-II to autophagosomes, and elevation of Atg-7 levels, suggests that F2 initiates an autophagic progression in breast CSCs.

Ginsenoside Rk1, one of the main elements of Sung Ginseng, has been confirmed as a new endothelial barrier enhancer recently and has anti-cancer activity, the mechanism involves coordination between inhibition of telomerase activity and induction of apoptosis.

20(R)-Ginsenoside Rg3 has shown multiple pharmacological activities and been considered as one of the most promising approaches for fatigue treatment, however, 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rg3 has a low bioavailability after oral administration in human, so, 20(R)-Rg3 can be by intranasal administration, the mechanism was related to the increase of the storage of hepatic glycogen, and the decrease of the accumulation of metabolite such as lactic acid and serum urea nitrogen.

Ginsenoside Rg2 suppresses the hepatic glucose production via AMPK-induced phosphorylation of GSK3β and induction of SHP gene expression, suggests that it has therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetic patients.

Pseudoginsenoside F11, a novel partial PPAR γ agonist, can promote adiponectin oligomerization and secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and inhibit obesity-linked phosphorylation of PPAR γ at Ser-273 by Cdk5. It possesses significant neuroprotective activity, has been demonstrated to antagonize the learning and memory deficits induced by scopolamine, morphine and methamphetamine in mice; it also antagonizes the development of analgesia tolerance to morphine and blocks the development of morphine-induced behavioral sensitization via its effect, at least partially, on the glutamatergic system in the mPFC.

Ginsenoside Rh1 has antiallergic action , may originate from its cell membrane-stabilizing and anti-inflammatory activities, and can improve the inflammation caused by allergies.

Ginsenoside Rg5 plays a novel role as an IGF-1R agonist, promoting therapeutic angiogenesis and improving hypertension without adverse effects in the vasculature, it can ameliorate lung inflammation possibly by inhibiting the binding of LPS to toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 on macrophages. Ginsenoside Rg5 blocks cell cycle of SK-HEP-1 cells at the Gl/S transition phase by down-regulating cyclin E-dependent kinase activity and that the down-regulation of cyclin E-dependent kinase activity is caused mainly by induced CDK2 inhibitor, p21Cip/WAF1 and decreased levels of cyclin E.