Antimicrobiens

Inhibitor of DNA replication; inhibitor of theophylline and caffeine metabolism

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Clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride is a semisynthetic antibiotic prodrug, which is derived from the lincomycin family, originally sourced from the bacterium *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. This compound functions through its conversion into the active form, clindamycin, once inside the body. Clindamycin acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby impeding peptide chain initiation and elongation. The primary application of Clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride is in the treatment of bacterial infections, particularly those caused by anaerobic bacteria and certain aerobic Gram-positive cocci. It is especially effective against *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Streptococcus pneumoniae*, and others susceptible to lincomycin derivatives. This antibiotic is commonly used in pediatric cases, facilitated by its oral formulation that is amenable to administration to children. The medication's efficacy is crucial in treating serious infections such as osteomyelitis, septicemia, and respiratory tract infections, among others, where aerobic and anaerobic bacterial pathogens are implicated.

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Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic with action on anaerobic bacteria and protozoa by disrupting DNA synthesis and is used for treating infections like bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and certain parasitic infections.

Ticarcillin is a member of the beta-lactam family of antibiotics and is used to kill Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus strains. Ticarcillin inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding protein (PBP) and blocking transpeptidase, which prevents cross-linking of peptidoglycans. It also has a C-terminal that can inhibit domain I and II beta-lactamases (namely, PEN2). The lactam ring in ticarcillin is cleaved by beta-lactamase, which makes it ineffective. This antibiotic is bactericidal and only useful against Gram-positive organisms.

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Monensin is a polyether ionophore antibiotic, which is derived from the fermentation of the bacterium *Streptomyces cinnamonensis*. It operates by disrupting ion transport across biological membranes, primarily by facilitating the exchange of sodium and potassium ions. This ionophore action alters the osmotic balance in target cells, leading to their destabilization and death, particularly in Gram-positive bacteria and certain protozoa. Monensin is primarily used in the livestock industry as a feed additive to improve feed efficiency and promote growth in ruminants, such as cattle. It is also employed to prevent coccidiosis, a parasitic infection in poultry and other animals. By altering the rumen fermentation process, Monensin increases the production of propionic acid, optimizing energy utilization and reducing methane emissions. Its application is pivotal in enhancing the productivity of meat and milk production systems, while also contributing to the sustainable management of agricultural resources. Its usage, however, is regulated to ensure food safety and prevent antimicrobial resistance.

Herbimycin is an antibiotic, which is a natural product derived from Streptomyces bacteria. It functions primarily as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, disrupting cellular signaling pathways by binding to the ATP-binding site of kinases and inhibiting phosphorylation events. This mode of action makes it an effective tool for scientists studying signal transduction processes and oncogenic transformation. In research applications, Herbimycin is utilized to investigate the role of kinases in various cellular mechanisms, including cancer proliferation and differentiation. Its ability to reversibly inhibit oncogenic kinases has made it a valuable agent in exploring therapeutic strategies against cancer. By providing insights into kinase function, it assists in elucidating pathways critical for cell growth and survival. Herbimycin's selective action against certain cellular processes makes it a key resource in the examination of molecular pathways and the potential development of targeted therapies.

Applications N-Methyl-N’-nitrosopiperazine-d4 is the isotope labelled analog of N-Methyl-N’-nitrosopiperazine (M325800), which is used as a reagent in the organic synthesis of several compounds including that of (4-methoxyphenoxy)acetic and (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenoxy)acetic acid amides and hydrazides which display antimicrobial and anthelmintic properties and may act as potential neurotropic and cardiovascular agents. N-Methyl-N’-nitrosopiperazine also diplayed strong nasal carcinogenity and genotoxicity toward nasal cells. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Valenta, V., et al.: Collect. Czech. Chem. C., 52, 3013 (1987); Klein, R., et al.: Carcinogenesis, 20, 1629 (1999);

Vicriviroc is an investigational pharmaceutical compound, specifically classified as an HIV entry inhibitor. It originates from a synthetic source, designed to target the CCR5 co-receptor on human immune cells. The mode of action involves blocking this co-receptor, thereby preventing the HIV virus from binding and fusing with the host cell membrane. This inhibition effectively obstructs the virus's ability to enter and infect the host cells, particularly those within the chemokine receptor family. Vicriviroc's primary use is as a potential antiretroviral agent in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Its application focuses on patients whose strains of HIV predominantly use the CCR5 receptor for cellular entry. By interfering with the virus's entry mechanism, Vicriviroc aims to reduce viral load and impede disease progression. Although it has shown promise in clinical trials, ongoing research and development continue to evaluate its efficacy and safety in comparison to existing therapeutic options.

Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a synthetically derived prodrug of ceftobiprole. Upon administration, ceftobiprole medocaril is rapidly converted into its active form, ceftobiprole, by the body's endogenous esterases. The mode of action involves binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in the bacterial cell wall, leading to the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and ultimately the death of the bacteria. This action is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium is primarily used in the treatment of complex skin and soft tissue infections, as well as community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Its broad-spectrum efficacy makes it a critical tool in environments where multi-drug resistant bacterial strains are prevalent. The development of ceftobiprole medocaril was driven by the urgent need for effective antibiotics against resistant pathogens, enabling it to play a vital role in modern infectious disease management and antimicrobial stewardship.

Applications Cyclo(Leu-Gly) is an antimicrobial compound produced by Latobacillus plantarum. References Niku-Paavola, M., et al.: J. Appl. Microbiol., 86, 29 (1999)

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; lincosamide

Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is used for treating bacterial infections in veterinary medicine.

Nalidixic acid sodium salt is a sodium salt form of nalidixic acid with similar action and applications as nalidixic acid.

1-(4-Pentyloxy-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-(pyridine-3-carbonyl)thiourea is a synthetic compound employed largely in biochemical research and potential medicinal applications. As a small molecule derivative, it is synthesized through meticulous organic chemistry protocols designed to yield compounds with specific biophysical properties. The compound acts primarily by modulating distinct biochemical pathways, interacting with molecular targets such as enzymes or receptors, thereby influencing biological processes at the cellular level. Due to its unique structural characteristics, this compound is particularly valuable in the exploration of cellular signaling and receptor pharmacology. It holds promise in various experimental frameworks aimed at understanding complex biological systems, potentially aiding in the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Researchers utilize this compound in laboratory settings to investigate its efficacy and role in modulating biological responses, contributing to advancements in drug discovery and molecular biology.

Cefluprenam is a cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a synthetic derivative of the fungus Cephalosporium. It functions by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, effectively disrupting the peptidoglycan cross-linking process essential for bacterial structural integrity. This inhibition leads to cell lysis and ultimately bacterial death. Primarily, cefluprenam is utilized in the clinical treatment of bacterial infections caused by gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Its efficacy in combating resistant strains makes it valuable in treating complex infections, notably those in hospital settings where such resistance is prevalent. Moreover, cefluprenam’s pharmacokinetic properties allow for penetrative action in tissues, making it effective for various systemic infections. This antibiotic is often deployed in severe infections, septicemia, and as a prophylactic agent in surgical settings. Research on its broader application and potential resistance mechanisms continues to evolve, providing insights into its comprehensive clinical utility.

Ionomycin calcium is a potent calcium ionophore, which is derived from natural sources such as certain Streptomyces species. Its primary mode of action involves facilitating the translocation of calcium ions (Ca^2+) across biological membranes, specifically transporting them from external environments or intracellular stores into the cytoplasm. This action significantly elevates intracellular calcium levels. Ionomycin calcium is widely employed in scientific research to study calcium-dependent cellular processes. It serves as a valuable tool in immunology for the activation of T cells and in neuroscience for exploring calcium signaling pathways. Additionally, it is utilized to investigate the role of calcium in apoptosis, cell proliferation, and various other physiological responses. By enabling precise manipulation of calcium dynamics, ionomycin calcium aids scientists in dissecting the intricate roles of calcium in cellular functions.

Sangivamycin is a nucleoside analog with action as a protein kinase C inhibitor and is used for research on antiviral and anticancer therapies.

Acequinocyl-hydroxy is an acaricide, which is a chemical agent used to manage and control mite populations in various agricultural settings. It is derived from a combination of synthetic organic compounds designed specifically to disrupt the normal biological processes of target pests. The mode of action of Acequinocyl-hydroxy involves interference with the mitochondrial electron transport chain of mites, ultimately disrupting cellular respiration and leading to the death of the pest. Acequinocyl-hydroxy is utilized primarily in agricultural environments where mite infestations pose significant risks to crop yield and quality. Its application is crucial in integrated pest management programs aimed at minimizing the damage caused by these pests without harming beneficial insects. Researchers and agricultural scientists often deploy Acequinocyl-hydroxy in a controlled manner, ensuring it is part of a broader strategy to sustainably manage pest populations while maintaining ecological balance.

Gentamicin C2 pentaacetate (2 : 1 Mixture of C2 and C2a) is an aminoglycoside class antibiotic derivative, primarily derived from the fermentation of Micromonospora species. This product is a semi-synthetic compound, combining two closely related gentamicin components, C2 and C2a, in a specified ratio. Its mode of action involves binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, which disrupts protein synthesis resulting in bactericidal activity against a wide spectrum of Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria. In scientific research, Gentamicin C2 pentaacetate is employed mainly in studies exploring antibiotic mechanisms and resistance, as well as in assessing its efficacy and pharmacokinetics. Its utility extends to microbiological assays and as a reference standard in analytical studies due to its specific and potent antibacterial properties. Given its precise formulation, researchers can better elucidate the structure-activity relationships that govern gentamicin’s interaction with bacterial targets, aiding in the development of new antimicrobial strategies and therapeutic agents.

Zabofloxacin hydrochloride is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, including respiratory infections.

Applications Pafuramidine is a prodrug of Furamidine (F863600, 2HCl); a diphenylfuran compound belonging to an important class of antimicrobial and antiparasitic agents. Furamidine and its analogues also display antitumor activities and showed antiproliferative activities against various tumor cell lines. References Lansiaux, A. et al.: Cancer Res., 62, 7219 (2002); Steck E.A. et al.: Exp. Parasitol., 52, 404 (1981); Balzarini, J. et al.: Incest. New Drugs, 1, 103 (1983); Thuita, J.K., et al.: Acta Trop., 108, 6 (2008); Lanteri, C.A., et al.: Mol. Pharmacol., 70, 1585 (2006)

Lincomycin 2,7-dipalmitate is an antibiotic compound that is a semi-synthetic derivative originating from the natural antibiotic lincomycin, which itself is produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces lincolnensis. This compound functions by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Specifically, it binds to the 23S rRNA component of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby disrupting the process of RNA translocation and inhibiting the synthesis of essential proteins needed for bacterial growth and replication. As a derivative of lincomycin, Lincomycin 2,7-dipalmitate is tailored to enhance certain pharmacokinetic properties, such as solubility or absorption, compared to its parent compound. This modification can result in a formulation optimized for clinical applications, extending its utility in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible Gram-positive bacteria. The primary applications of Lincomycin 2,7-dipalmitate are in the field of veterinary and, to some extent, human medicine, where it serves as a valuable intervention against bacterial pathogens resistant to other antibiotics. Its usage requires careful consideration of bacterial susceptibility and the potential for resistance development.

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Norfloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating urinary tract infections and gonorrhea.

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Tuberculosis inhibitor 3 is a synthesized chemical compound designed to target the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium, which is the causative agent of tuberculosis. This inhibitor is derived through advanced chemical synthesis techniques, involving the modification of specific molecular structures to enhance its binding affinity and specificity toward the bacterial cellular targets. The mode of action of Tuberculosis inhibitor 3 involves disrupting essential biochemical pathways within the bacterium. It specifically binds to a critical enzyme or protein involved in the bacteria's metabolic process necessary for survival and replication. By inhibiting this key pathway, the compound effectively reduces bacterial growth and proliferation, contributing to its potential as a therapeutic agent. The primary application of Tuberculosis inhibitor 3 lies in its use as a research tool for studying the molecular biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It serves as a valuable component in the development of new therapeutic strategies and drug discovery processes aimed at controlling or eradicating tuberculosis. Furthermore, its use in laboratory settings can help elucidate the mechanisms of drug resistance and guide the design of novel compounds with enhanced efficacy against resistant strains of tuberculosis.

Neoaureothin is a natural antibiotic product, which is derived from marine actinomycetes with a complex polyketide structure. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding selectively to the ribosomal subunits, thereby obstructing the translation process in susceptible microbial strains. The specificity of its action allows it to target a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria while presenting a lower risk of resistance development compared to traditional antibiotics. Neoaureothin is utilized extensively in research settings to explore novel antibacterial pathways and potential therapeutic applications in combating resistant bacterial strains. Its unique source and mode of action make it a valuable tool in the study of marine-derived antibiotics, offering insights into alternative treatment strategies for bacterial infections. Researchers often employ this compound in experimental assays to gauge inhibition potency, elucidate biological pathways, and refine synthetic analogues for enhanced efficacy.

Membrane pore-forming agent; H+, K+, Pb2+ ionophore; polyether antibiotic

Tenofovir disoproxil is a nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is used to treat infections such as Hepatitis-B and HIV. This drug is an antiretroviral agent that blocks reverse transcriptase, blocking viral replication. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.

Gatifloxacin related compound E is a chemical reference standard, which is often used in pharmaceutical and analytical chemistry research for the identification and quantification of impurities. It is generally synthesized or isolated as part of the quality control and validation process for the production of the antibiotic Gatifloxacin. The mode of action of this compound revolves around its structural similarity to Gatifloxacin, which allows it to serve as a benchmark to ensure the accuracy and reliability of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and other analytical techniques. In scientific applications, Gatifloxacin related compound E is employed to evaluate the purity of Gatifloxacin formulations by detecting and quantifying potential impurities that could affect the efficacy and safety of the pharmaceutical product. It is crucial in the quality assurance of drug manufacturing processes, contributing to the integrity of the final pharmaceutical product by confirming that impurity levels are within acceptable ranges established by regulatory guidelines.

Applications Labelled Ascorbic Acid. Physiological antioxidant. Coenzyme for a number of hydroxylation reactions; required for collagen synthesis. Widely distributed in plants and animals. Inadequate intake results in deficiency syndromes such as scurvy. Used as antimicrobial and antioxidant in foodstuffs. References Al-Meshal, I.A., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 11, 45 (1982), Levine, M., et al.: N. Engl. J. Med., 314, 892 (1986), Prust, C., et al.: Nature Biotech., 23, 195 (2005),