Source botanique

Apigenin 7-O-(2G-rhamnosyl)gentiobioside is a flavonoid glycoside, which is a compound comprised of the flavonoid apigenin linked to a sugar moiety. This compound is typically sourced from various plants, where it occurs naturally as part of the plant's secondary metabolites. The glycoside form enhances the solubility and stability of the apigenin molecule, which is essential for its biological activities. The mode of action of Apigenin 7-O-(2G-rhamnosyl)gentiobioside involves various biological pathways. As a flavonoid, it can exhibit antioxidant properties, potentially scavenging reactive oxygen species and contributing to the reduction of oxidative stress. It may also influence cellular signaling pathways, including those involved in inflammation and cell proliferation. Uses and applications of Apigenin 7-O-(2G-rhamnosyl)gentiobioside are primarily focused on the fields of phytochemistry and pharmacognosy. Researchers study these compounds for their potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Additionally, they may be used as bioactive markers in the analysis of plant extracts, contributing to the understanding of the therapeutic potential of traditional medicinal plants.

Clinopodiside A is a bioactive compound, which is a natural triterpenoid saponin isolated from plants belonging to the genus Clinopodium. This compound is sourced specifically from Clinopodium chinense, a species traditionally utilized in herbal medicine. The mode of action of Clinopodiside A primarily involves modulation of cellular processes through its interaction with cell membranes and signaling pathways, leading to various biological effects. Clinopodiside A is primarily researched for its potential therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Studies suggest that it may inhibit the growth of certain cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and disrupting signaling pathways critical for cell survival. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory effects are linked to the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, making it a candidate for conditions characterized by excessive inflammation. Researchers continue to explore its potential in developing new pharmacological agents for diverse medical applications.

Naringin Dihydrochalcone is an artificial sweetener derived from naringin. Naringin is a major flavanone glycoside obtained from tomatoes, grapefruits, and many other citrus fruits. Naringin exhibits biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Naringin suppresses NF-κB signaling pathway.

Hinokiflavone has significant cytotoxicity, it has inhibition of MMP-9.

Anti-inflammatory; antioxidant; anti-cancer agent; neuroprotective

a-Glucosylrutin is a flavonoid glycoside derivative, which is synthesized from rutin, a natural flavonoid extracted from plants such as buckwheat and citrus fruits, using an enzymatic glucosylation process. The incorporation of glucose enhances its stability and solubility compared to its parent compound, rutin. The mode of action of a-Glucosylrutin involves its antioxidant activity, where it scavenges free radicals and reduces oxidative stress at the cellular level. This activity mitigates damage to cells and tissues, which is crucial in various oxidative stress-related conditions. In terms of applications, a-Glucosylrutin is extensively utilized in cosmetic formulations due to its ability to protect skin cells, reduce inflammation, and enhance skin health. Its protective properties are also researched for potential roles in preventing chronic diseases related to oxidative damage. Researchers are exploring its applications in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals as well, given its enhanced bioavailability and efficacy as an antioxidant agent. Its multifunctional nature makes it a subject of interest for further scientific exploration in various biomedical fields.

Arteannuin B and artemisinic acid are biogenetic precursors of artemisinin, an important antimalarial produced by the herb Artemisia annua, they are active against different bacteria and certain fungal species. Arteannuin B has potential antimalarialand antitumor activity.

Gambogic acid is a tissue-specific proteasome inhibitor, which has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenesis activities. Gambogic acid induces LRIG1 (leucine-rich repeat and Ig-like domain-containing-1) upregulation, which is responsible for EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) degradation and its downstream Akt/mTORC1 inhibition.

Curdione has anti-inflammatory, cancer chemopreventive activities, significant anti-platelet aggregation and antithrombotic activities , the inhibitory mechanism of curdione on platelet aggregation may increase cAMP levels and subsequently inhibit intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. plays an important role in the CYP3A4 inhibitory activity of C. aromatica.

Isofraxidin has definite anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, analgesic,and anti-inflammatory activities, it inhibits expression of MMP-7 and in vitro cell invasion at a non-toxic level through inhibiting ERK1/2 phosphorylation in hepatoma cell lines.Isofraxidin is one possible radio-protector, it can protect leukemia cells from radiation-induced apoptosis via ROS/mitochondria pathway in a p53-independent manner.

Jatrorrhizine hydrochloride has lipid lowering effects, it can ameliorate hyperlipidemia via the suppression of lipogenesis and the enhancement of lipid oxidation in the liver. It exhibits a potent inhibitory effect toward neuraminidase of the H7N9 (N9) avian influenza virus, it also can potentiate the neuraminidase inhibitory effect of oseltamivir towards H7N9 influenza. Jatrorrhizine hydrochloride is a potential new antimelanoma drug candidate, can inhibit the proliferation and neovascularization of C8161 metastatic melanoma cells with low toxicity.

Rebaudioside I is a steviol glycoside, which is a high-intensity sweetener derived from the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant. As a natural compound, it is extracted and purified through a water or alcohol-based process from the plant’s leaves, which have been traditionally used for their sweetening properties. This sweetener functions by interacting with the sweet-taste receptors on the tongue, specifically the TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 taste receptor complex. This interaction elicits a sweet taste perception without the caloric impact, making it a valuable sugar substitute in various industries. Rebaudioside I is primarily used in the food and beverage industry as a non-caloric sweetener. It is especially useful in products aiming to reduce calorie content, such as diet beverages, sugar-free confectioneries, and low-calorie desserts. Its stability under heat and acidic conditions expands its applications in baking and cooking. Moreover, in pharmaceutical formulations, it can serve as a sweetening agent to enhance the palatability of medications.

Gomisin A has anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, neuroprotective, and anti-proliferation properties, it induces marked protective effects against hepatic and renal injury induced by CCl(4) exposure through differential regulation of the MAPK signal transduction pathway. Gomisin A inhibits COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α and NO through the down-regulation of RIP2 and NF-κB activation.

Isoacteoside is a phenylethanoid isolated from Monochasma savatieri Franch. ex Maxim., which is an anti-inflammatory herb widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Isoacteoside is also reported as a potential therapeutic for Alzheimers disease. The memory-improving mechanism of isoacteoside involves reducing amyloid β peptide deposition and amyloid β cytotoxicity by inhibiting amyloid β oligomerization through the catechol moiety. This promotes amyloid β degradation and reversing cortical cholinergic dysfunction, which includes the inhibition of AChE activity (Young-Ji, 2017).

Pinocembrin is a major flavonoid molecule incorporated as multifunctional in the pharmaceutical industry. Its vast range of pharmacological activities has been well researched including antimicrobial, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Pinocembrin inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory mediators production by suppressing PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway, it also inhibited TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis of Y-79 cells by inactivating the αvβ3 integrin/FAK/p38α signaling pathway.