Source botanique

Neohesperidin is a natural new nutrition sweetener, widely existing in plants of dry citrus peel, which can be derived from extraction; since the sweetness is 1,300-1,500 times greater than that of sugar, neohesperidin are widely used in fruit juices, wines, beverages, bakeries and pharmaceutical formulations, and are particularly suitable for consumption by diabetic patients.

Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, significantly reduces the generation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides by primary neuron cultures generated from the Tg2576 AD mouse model, brain-targeted quercetin-3-O-glucuronide may simultaneously modulate multiple independent AD disease-modifying mechanisms , thus, it may contribute to the benefits of dietary supplementation with red wines as an effective intervention for AD.

Costunolide, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the root of Saussurea lappa Clarke, has a variety of biological activities, including anti-carcinogenic and anti-fungal activities,

Atractyodin biosynthesis could be promoted by endophytic fungal elicitor mediated through NO followed by salicylic acid by activating ACC in A.lancea.

Benzoylaconine and aconitine can induce reproductive toxicity in BeWo Cell, the amino acid metabolism was the main metabolic pathway and responsible for the placental and fetal toxicity of them.

3-oxo-Olean-12-en-28-oic acid and kulinone have cytotoxic effects, with IC50 values of 5.6-21.2 μg/mL.

Rosarin is a natural product from Rhodiola rosea L.

Rebaudioside O is a high-intensity sweetener, which is a steviol glycoside isolated from the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant. This molecule, like other steviol glycosides, is characterized by its ability to provide a sweetening effect without the caloric contribution typical of carbohydrates. The mode of action for Rebaudioside O involves its interaction with the sweet taste receptors on the tongue, specifically the TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 receptor subtypes, which leads to the activation of sweet perception pathways in humans. Rebaudioside O is predominantly utilized in the food and beverage industry as a sugar substitute, catering to products targeted at health-conscious consumers and individuals managing caloric intake or conditions such as diabetes. Given its high sweetness potency compared to sucrose, it is used in minute quantities, providing a desirable sweetness profile while enabling the reduction of sugar content in various formulations. Its applications extend to a wide range of products, including beverages, confectioneries, and dietary supplements. Researchers are continually studying the compound for its potential metabolic effects and sensory attributes, contributing to an evolving landscape in low-calorie sweetening solutions.

Reference standards.

Betulinic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, acts as a eukaryotic topoisomerase I inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 μM, and possesses anti-HIV, anti-malarial, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties.Betulinic acid is a selective inducer of apoptosis in tumor cells, it inhibits activation of NF-kappaB and NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression induced by carcinogens and inflammatory stimuli.

Ruscogenin exerts significant anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic activities.Ruscogenin significantly attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI )via inhibiting expressions of TF and iNOS and NF-κB p65 activation, it inhibits activation of neutrophil through cPLA 2 , PAK, Akt, MAPKs, cAMP, and PKA signaling pathways.

Praeruptorin C (Pra-C), one of the principal bioactive components derived from the root of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn, has been widely used as an antioxidant and a calcium antagonist to treat diseases, Pra-C partially also protects cortical neurons by inhibiting the expression of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors and regulating the Bcl-2 family.

SaikosaponinD (SSd) is a major triterpenoid saponin derivative from Radix bupleuri, which has been long used in Chinese traditional medicine for treatment of various inflammation-related diseases; it shows potent anti-inflammatory activity through inhibitory effects on NF-κB activation and thereby on iNOS, COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines.