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Farrerol has antioxidative, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic activities, it is a potential candidate for the intervention of endothelial-injury-associated cardiovascular diseases. Farrerol inactivates KEAP-1 or activates the Akt, p38 and ERK to facilitate the release of Nrf2 from Keap1 and subsequent reduces the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species via the induction of HO-1 expression. Farrerol can inhibit angiogenesis through down regulation of Akt/mTOR, Erk and Jak2/Stat3 signal pathway, and can inhibit IL-1β-induced inflammatory responses in osteoarthritis chondrocytes by blocking PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Formononetin causes vascular relaxation via endothelium/NO-dependent mechanism and endothelium-independent mechanism which involves the activation of BK(Ca) and K(ATP) channels.

Saikosaponin A (SSa), a main constituent of the Chinese herb Bupleurum chinense DC, has antiepileptic activity,could inhibit NMDA receptor current and persistent sodium current, and inhibit epileptiform discharges induced by 4AP in a dose-dependent manner.

Forsythoside I is a natural product from forsythia suspense (thunb.) vahl.

Insampaedoksan is a traditional herbal medicine used for antipyretic and antiinflammatory diseases, isoliquiritigenin is the main compound of it , thus , isoliquiritigenin has bioactivity effects such as antioxidant, estrogenic and anticancer.

Silychristin is a plant growth regulator, is an anti-hepatotoxic agent, is also an inhibitor of horseradish peroxidases and lipoxygenase.

Glycyrrhetinic acid, a hydrolysis product of one of the main constituents of licorice, the triterpene glycoside of glycyrrhizic acid, when added to rat liver mitochondria at micromolar concentrations induces swelling, loss of membrane potential, pyridine nucleotide oxidation, and release of cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor; indicates that glycyrrhetinic acid is a potent inducer of mitochondrial permeability transition and can trigger the pro-apoptotic pathway.

Notoginsenoside R1 is a saponin compound, which is a key bioactive ingredient derived from the roots of Panax notoginseng, a well-known traditional medicinal plant. This product is renowned for its diverse pharmacological activities, particularly its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The mode of action of Notoginsenoside R1 involves modulating various signaling pathways, including the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, which are pivotal in regulating the body's inflammatory response. Additionally, it exhibits the ability to scavenge free radicals, contributing to its antioxidative properties. Notoginsenoside R1 is extensively studied for its potential therapeutic applications in managing cardiovascular diseases, due to its vasodilatory and anti-thrombotic activities. It also shows promise in neuroprotection, contributing to research in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. Its multifaceted biological actions make it a significant subject of interest in pharmacological research, particularly in elucidating mechanisms related to inflammation and oxidative stress.

Nardosinone is an enhancer of nerve growth factor and possesses a wide range of pharmacological effects, including sedative, adaptogen-like, anti-depressive, anti-leukemic, anti-tumorous, and anti-trypanosomal activities. It has a wide spectrum of targets including PI3K,Akt,MEK,ERK, PKA, MAPK.

20(s)-Ginsenoside Rh2 is a bioactive compound classified as a saponin, which is derived from the root of the Panax ginseng plant. This compound exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities attributed to its ability to modulate cellular pathways. It exerts its mode of action primarily through the regulation of apoptosis, modulation of immune responses, and inhibition of tumor growth. Mechanistically, it interacts with cellular receptors and signaling molecules, influencing pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK, which are crucial in cell proliferation and apoptosis. The applications of 20(s)-Ginsenoside Rh2 are diverse, particularly in the fields of oncology and neuropharmacology. In cancer research, it has been studied for its potential to induce apoptosis in cancerous cells and reduce tumor size. Additionally, its neuroprotective properties make it a candidate for research in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. Beyond its therapeutic potential, it is of interest for geriatric research due to its purported anti-aging effects. Scientists continue to explore its efficacy and mechanisms, making it a promising compound in the development of new therapeutic agents.

Saikosaponin C (SSC) is one of the saikosaponins that are consisted in a Chinese herb, Radix Bupleuri, it yields a potent effect on inducing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) viability and growth, also induces endothelial cells migration and capillary tube formation.

Vincetoxicoside B , quercetin, kaempferol , and (-)-epicatechin show synergistic antifungal activities with the FICI values <0.5.